Chapter 2 - concepts and definitions Flashcards
Information processing approach,
focuses on the processes by which information in a stimulus is translated to a response
Information theory,
the idea is that humans not only receive but also transmit information
subtractive logic,
Subtractive logic is a form of reasoning where conclusions are drawn by eliminating possibilities or options until only one remains, akin to deducing the identity of a suspect by eliminating those with alibis, leaving the culprit as the remaining option.
Example:
Imagine you have a group of colored marbles in a bag: three red, two blue, and one green. If you’re asked to pick a marble at random without looking, and you’re told it’s not red, you can use subtractive logic to deduce that it must be either blue or green because those are the only remaining possibilities after eliminating red.
pure insertion,
assumes that inserting an extra step doesn’t alter the basic structure of the task
Pure insertion example,
For instance if someone is asked to read a sentence and then in a separate condition to read a sentence while also remembering a number the assumption of pure insertion would mean that the additional memory task does not fundamentally alter the process of reading the sentence
Additive factors method,
The method involves manipulating different factors that may affect task performance such as:
- stimulus complexity or
- the presence of distracting information
and examining their independent and combined effects on reaction time or other performance measures
stage robustness,
for the additive factors method to be valid each stage should maintain its basic characteristics and not be significantly altered by the insertion of extra steps or processes
cortical arousal,
a general state of wakefulness and factors that increase or decrease arousal level are associated with corresponding increases or decreases in vigilance task performance
the inverted U-shaped relation between arousal and performance in regard to noise and sleep,
The inverted U-shaped relation between arousal and performance means that performance improves with arousal, but only to a certain point; too much or too little arousal can decrease performance. For example, when studying for a test, some background noise might increase alertness and improve performance, but excessive noise or complete silence might lead to distraction and decreased performance
vigilance
a general state of wakefulness and factors that increase or decrease arousal level are associated with corresponding increases or decreases in vigilance task performance
Effort
which can be roughly equated with conscious processing Effort directly influences the efficiency of response selection and activation affects response processing
General alertness,
The conception of activation in the response process
conception,
opwekken
Reaction Time,
usually measured from the onset of stimulus presentation until the participant’s response
sensitivity of the observer,
how well someone can detect things
