Chapter 2: Control and Coordination

Question 1

the maintenance by an organism of a constant internal environment (for example, blood glucose level, pH, body temperature)

Answer 1

Homeostasis

Question 2

a system in which a change (stimulus) is detected by receptors leading to a response, which acts to alter and return the variance to normal

Answer 2

Stimulus-response model

Question 3

occurs when the response is in an opposite direction to the stimulus

Answer 3

Negative feedback

Question 4

a homeostatic mechanism that enhances the original stimulus

Answer 4

Positive feedback

Question 5

it is composed of the central nervous system (CNS), which contains your brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which contains the nerves (neurons) that connect to the rest of the body.

Answer 5

Nervous system

Question 6

the part of the nervous system containing nerves that connect to the central nervous system

Answer 6

PNS

Question 7

the part of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 7

CNS

Question 8

another name for nerve cell, a specialised cell for transmitting a nerve impulse

Answer 8

Neuron

Question 9

a nerve cell in the sensory organs that conducts a nerve impulse from receptors to the central nervous system

Answer 9

Sensory neuron

Question 10

a nerve cell that conducts a nerve impulse from the central nervous system to the effector such as a muscle or gland so that it may respond to a stimulus

Answer 10

Motor neuron

Question 11

a neuron which transmits impulses between other neurons

Answer 11

Interneuron

Question 12

signalling molecules released from the axon terminals into the synapse.

Answer 12

Neurotransmitter

Question 13

it controls and regulate functions such as metabolism, growth, development and sexual reproduction.

Answer 13

Hormones

Question 14

part of a neuron that contains the nucleus

Answer 14

Cell body

Question 15

structure that relays information towards the cell body of a neuron

Answer 15

Dendrite

Question 16

long structure within a neuron through which the nervous impulse travels from the dendrite and the cell body

Answer 16

Axon

Question 17

a fatty, white substance that encases the axons of neurons

Answer 17

Myelin

Question 18

the gap between adjoining neurons where neurotransmitters travel

Answer 18

Synapse

Question 19

a quick response to a stimulus that does not involve the brain (for example, knee jerk)

Answer 19

Reflex arc

Question 20

a specialised structure that detects stimuli (such as light, sound, touch, taste and smell) in your environment

Answer 20

Sense organ

Question 21

A change you are detecting

Answer 21

Stimuli

Question 22

special cells within a sense organ that are sensitive to particular chemicals

Answer 22

Chemoreceptor

Question 23

special cells located in your skin, part of your brain and body core that are sensitive to temperature

Answer 23

Thermoreceptor

Question 24

special cells within the skin, inner ear and skeletal muscles that are sensitive to touch, pressure and motion

Answer 24

Mechanoreceptor

Question 25

a special cell located in your eye that is detected by light

Answer 25

Photoreceptor

Question 26

the control of body temperature

Answer 26

Thermoregulation

Question 27

he part of the brain connected to the spinal cord, responsible for breathing, heartbeat and digestion

Answer 27

Brainstem

Question 28

the largest part of the brain responsible for higher order thinking, controlling speech, conscious thought and voluntary actions

Answer 28

cerebrum

Question 29

the part of the brain that controls balance and muscle action

Answer 29

cerebellum

Question 30

the lowest part of the brain and the lowest portion of the brainstem.

Answer 30

medulla

Question 31

the body system composed of different glands that secrete signalling molecules (hormones) that travel in the blood for internal communication and regulation and to maintain homeostasis

Answer 31

Endocrine system

Question 32

organs that produce hormones, which are released into the bloodstream

Answer 32

Endocrine glands

Question 33

a simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates

Answer 33

Glucose

Question 34

a large gland in the body that produces and secretes the hormone insulin

Answer 34

Pancreas

Question 35

hormone that reduces blood glucose levels

Answer 35

Insulin

Question 36

organs that respond to a stimuli to initiate a response

Answer 36

Effector

Question 37

Consists of 2 hemispheres. Outer surface of cerebrum

Answer 37

cerebral cortex

Question 38

A voluntary action is a response to a stimulus. It is consciously controlled or co-ordinated by the brain and involves many neurons. Like eating and writing

Answer 38

Voluntary action

Question 39

An involuntary action is a response to stimulus. It is not consciously controlled by the brain and only require minimum number of neurons. Like blinking of the eyes, jerking of the knee.

Answer 39

Involuntary action