Chapter 2 - Culture, Diversity, and Conformity

Question 0

Material culture

Answer 0

Physical objects that people create

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

All the shared products of human groups

• physical objects
• beliefs
• values
• behaviors

Question 2

Nonmaterial culture

Answer 2

Abstract human creations

Question 3

Society

Answer 3

Group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity

Question 4

Technology

Answer 4

Combination of objects and rules for using those objects

Question 5

Symbols

Answer 5

Anything that hat represents something else (shared meaning)
- can be anything as long as it is agreed upon

Question 6

Language

Answer 6

Organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system

Question 7

Values

Answer 7

Shared beliefs about what is good, bad, right, wrong, desirable or undesirable
- helps determine character of people and the kind of culture they create

Question 8

Norms

Answer 8

Shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations

Question 9

Folkways

Answer 9

Norms that describe socially acceptable behavior but do not have great moral significance attached to them

• reprimand or minor punishment
• some nonconformity allowed because it doesn’t endanger stability

Question 10

Mores

Answer 10

Rules that have great moral significance attached to them

- violation of rules endanger society’s well being and stability

Question 11

Laws

Answer 11

Written rules of conduct enacted and enforced by the government

Question 12

The way cultures meet needs are limited by what?

Answer 12

Biological makeup and physical environment

Question 13

Cultural universals

Answer 13

Features common to all cultures that ensure their fulfillment

Question 14

What did George Murdock do?

Answer 14

Identified over 65 Cultural universals and put them in 7 categories

Question 15

What are the 7 categories of cultural universals?

Answer 15

• arts are leisure
• basic needs
• beliefs
• communication and education
• family
• government and economy
• technology

Question 16

Subculture

Answer 16

Group that share values, norms, and behaviors not shared by larger society

Question 17

What do subculture do?

Answer 17

Add diversity and makes society open to change

Question 18

Counterculture

Answer 18

Subgroup that challenges the values of society and wants to replace them with new ones

Question 19

Ethnocentrism

Answer 19

Tendency to view one’s own culture and group as superior

• functionalist perspective, builds group unity
• conflict perspective, results in one group or society seeing others as inferior

Question 20

Cultural relativism

Answer 20

Belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards

Question 21

Cultural diffusion

Answer 21

Spreading of culture traits from one society to another

Question 22

Cultural lag

Answer 22

Time between changes when ideas and beliefs and adapting to new materials conditions

Question 23

Discovery

Answer 23

Recognize new uses for existing elements

Question 24

Invention

Answer 24

Create something that did not previously exist

Question 25

Cultural leveling

Answer 25

Process in which cultures become more and more alike

Question 26

Personal achievement

Answer 26

Doing well at school and work is important. Gaining wealth and prestige is a sign of success

Question 27

Progress and material comfort

Answer 27

History is marked by ongoing progress and thus progress improves people’s lives

Question 28

Work

Answer 28

Discipline, dedication and hard work are signs of virtue

Question 29

Individualism

Answer 29

Hard work, initiative, and individual effort are the keys to personal achievement

Question 30

Efficiency and practicality

Answer 30

Can help solve every problem. Getting things done well in the shortest amount of time is very important

Question 31

Morality and humanitarianism

Answer 31

Judgments should be based on a sense of right and wrong. Can also include helping the less fortunate

Question 32

Equality and democracy

Answer 32

Everyone should have an equal chance at success and the right to participate freely in government

Question 33

Freedom

Answer 33

Personal freedoms, such as freedom of religion, speech and the press, are central to the American way of life

Question 34

What are other core values?

Answer 34

Nationalism and patriotism
Science and rationality
Racial and group superiority
Education
Religion

Question 35

Self-fulfillment

Answer 35

Commitment to the full development of one’s personality, talents and potential

Question 36

Narcissism

Answer 36

Extreme self-centeredness

• weakened the established values of hard work fan moderation
• Threatened the stability of the capitalist system