Chapter 7 - Social Control And Deviance

Question 0

Sanctions

Answer 0

Rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms

Question 1

Internalization of norms

Answer 1

Process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality; individual conforms to societies expectations

Question 2

Positive sanctions

Answer 2

An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior

• praise
• good grades
• pay raises
• cheers from a crowd

Question 3

Negative sanctions

Answer 3

Punishment or threat of punishment used to enforce conformity

• most times the threat of punishment is enough
• parking ticket, frown, imprisonment, death

Question 4

Formal sanctions

Answer 4

Reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency

• low grade, suspension, fired, fines
• diploma, promotion, awards

Question 5

Informal sanctions

Answer 5

Spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or group
- frowns, gossip, insults, standing ovation, compliments, smilesm

Question 6

Social control

Answer 6

Enforcing norms through internal or external means

1. Principal means is self control
2. Authority figures, police, courts, family, public opinion
3. Social stability jeopardized by behavior that violates public norms

Question 7

Deviance

Answer 7

Behavior that violates public norms

• varies from society to society
• labeling someone as deviant
• –repeating an offense
• –act has serious negative consequences

Question 8

Labeling of deviance involves…

Answer 8

1. Be detected committing a deviant act

2. Must be stigmatized by society

Question 9

Stigma

Answer 9

Mark of social disgrace that sets them apart from the rest of society

Question 10

Emile Durkheim said…

Answer 10

Deviance helps clarify norms, unify the group, diffuse tension and promote social change

Question 11

What else does deviance do?

Answer 11

2. Provides jobs in various fields (lawyers, law enforcement, judges)
3. Defines boundaries of acceptable behavior
4. Punishment of violators serves as warning to others
5. Draws line between conforming members of society and “outsiders”
6. Minor deviance allows people to vent
7. Prompts social change by identifying problem areas

Question 12

Functionalist perspective - strain theory

Answer 12

Robert K. Merton
Views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structures of society
1. Society places a high value on certain goals
2. People don’t have equal access to achieve goal
3. Anomie

Question 13

Anomie

Answer 13

Situation that arise when the norms of society are unclear or see no longer applicable

Question 14

Conformity

Answer 14

Accept society’s goals and means to achieve them

Question 15

Innovation

Answer 15

Accept goals of society but do not accept the means for reaching those goals

Question 16

Ritualism

Answer 16

Abandon societal goals while continuing to observe expected rules of behavior

Question 17

Retreatism

Answer 17

Reject cultural goals and the acceptable means of attaining them
- may drop out of society

Question 18

Rebellion

Answer 18

Want to substitute new goals and means for the approved set

Question 19

Conflict perspective

Answer 19

Competition and social inequality lead to deviance

1. People with power commit deviant acts to keep power
2. People without power commit deviant acts to get power

Question 20

Richard Quinney

Answer 20

Ruling class declares anything that threatens their power as deviant

Question 21

Interactionist perspective - control theory

Answer 21

Deviance is a natural occurrence; look at WHY people conform

Question 22

Why do people conform?

Answer 22

1. Social ties among individuals
2. Individuals integrated into community will conform
3. Travis Hirschi - people develop bonds in four ways

Question 23

Four ways people develop bonds

Answer 23

• form attachment with others who accept norms
• strong belief in society’s moral codes
• show commitment to traditional societal values/goals
• involved in nondeviant activities (time consuming)

Question 24

Cultural transmission theory

Answer 24

Behavior is learned through interaction with others - differential association - all people are conformists

Question 25

Differential association

Answer 25

Frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondeviant individuals

Question 26

Labeling theory

Answer 26

Focuses on how individuals were identified as deviant - primary deviance - secondary deviance

Question 27

Primary deviance

Answer 27

Occasional violation of norms

Question 28

Secondary deviance

Answer 28

Deviance is a lifestyle, labeled as deviant and believes the label

Question 29

Crime

Answer 29

Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority and is prohibited by law

Question 30

Violent crime

Answer 30

- murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault - occurs every 22 seconds in US - most victims are African American; for murder it is African American men 18-24 - majority of murders committed by people with guns

Question 31

Property crime

Answer 31

- Involves stealing or intentionally damaging someone else's property - burglary, larceny (theft other than auto), motor vehicle theft and arson - committed every 3 seconds in America - people under 25 commit a large part of the crimes - drug use/habits have strong correlation with crime rates

Question 32

Victimless crimes

Answer 32

- prostitution, illegal gambling, illegal drug use, vagrancy - supposedly harm no one other than themselves

Question 33

White collar crime

Answer 33

- Offenses committed by people of high social status in the course of other profession - misrepresentation, fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement, price-fixing, toxic pollution, insider trading and political corruption - cost the U.S. more than $300 billion - not always dealt with equally

Question 34

Organized crime

Answer 34

- crime syndicate | - many have legitimate business that they use as "front"

Question 35

Crime syndicate

Answer 35

Large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or legitimate business through violence or the threat of violence

Question 36

Police

Answer 36

- hold most immediate control | - police discretion

Question 37

Police discretion

Answer 37

Power to decide who is actually arrested

Question 38

Factors to consider for police discretion

Answer 38

- seriousness of offense - wishes of victim taken into consideration - suspect's attitude - make arrest if bystanders are present - more likely to arrest and use force against African Americans (racial profiling)

Question 39

Courts

Answer 39

- holds a trail to determine guilt - penalty phase - plea bargaining

Question 40

Plea bargaining

Answer 40

Legal negotiation that allows accused to plea guilty to a lesser charge

Question 41

Corrections

Answer 41

Sanctions used to punish a criminal

Question 42

Go four basic functions of corrections

Answer 42

- retribution - deterrence - rehabilitation - social protection

Question 43

Retribution

Answer 43

Socially acceptable act of revenge for victim and society

Question 44

Deterrence

Answer 44

Discourage offenders from commiting future crimes

Question 45

Rehabilitation

Answer 45

Reform criminals so they could be law abiding citizens

Question 46

Social protection

Answer 46

Limiting freedom of offenders protects society

Question 47

Recidivism

Answer 47

Repeated criminal behavior (remains high)

Question 48

Juvenile Justice System

Answer 48

- laws became more specific for juvenile offenders in the 1960s - juveniles could not be expected to be as responsible as adults - -- juveniles needed special, more considerate treatment