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HEMA 1 LEC > Chapter 2 - HEMATOPOIESIS > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - HEMATOPOIESIS Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

refers to the formation and development of blood cells.

A

Hematopoiesis

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2
Q

It is a continuous, regulated process of blood cell production that includes cell renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation.

A

Hematopoiesis

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3
Q

These processes result in the formation, development, and specialization of all of the functional blood cells that are released from the bone marrow to the circulation.

A

Hematopoiesis

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4
Q

During embryonic and fetal development, hematopoiesis occurs in the (?) then in the (?) (also in the spleen and thymus).

A

yolk sac
liver

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5
Q

In normal adults, hematopoiesis occurs mostly in the (?).

A

bone marrow and peripheral lymphatic tissues

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6
Q

PHASES of HEMATOPOIESIS

A

A. INTRAUTERINE PHASE
B. EXTRAUTERINE PHASE

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7
Q

A. INTRAUTERINE PHASE:

A
  1. Mesoblastic or Megaloblastic Phase
  2. Hepatic Phase
  3. Myeloid / Medullary Phase
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8
Q

Chief site: yolk sac

A

Mesoblastic or Megaloblastic Phase

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9
Q

Primitive RBC (megaloblas of Ehrlich) first develop within the blood island followed by leukopoiesis & megakaryopoiesis

A

Mesoblastic or Megaloblastic Phase

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10
Q

Embryonal hemoglobins are synthesized during this phase.

A

Mesoblastic or Megaloblastic Phase

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11
Q

This phase starts on the 3rd month of fetal life

A

Hepatic Phase

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12
Q

Chief site: Liver

A

Hepatic Phase

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13
Q

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is synthesized during this phase

A

Hepatic Phase

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14
Q

Chief site: Bone Marrow

A

Myeloid / Medullary Phase

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15
Q

This starts on the 5th month of fetal life. It increases during the last trimester and remains the chief site at birth.

A

Myeloid / Medullary Phase

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16
Q

Production of adult hemoglobins (HbA) starts during this phase

A

Myeloid / Medullary Phase

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17
Q

B. EXTRAUTERINE PHASE

A
  1. Myeloid / Medullary Phase
  2. Extramedullary hematopoiesis
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18
Q

First 3 weeks postpartum, the bone marrow becomes the only normal site of blood cell production

A

Myeloid / Medullary Phase

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19
Q

Red marrow is present in all fetal skeletal structures, until the age of 2 - 3 years

A

Myeloid / Medullary Phase

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20
Q

Fourth year: Rate of BM growth exceeds need for blood cells resulting to the replacement of active marrow space by areas of fatty reserves. marrow space by areas of fatty reserves.

A

Myeloid / Medullary Phase

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21
Q

Locations of red marrow
Children:
18 years and older:

A

skull, clavicle, ribs, vertebra, pelvis & long bones
skull, clavicle, ribs, vertebra, pelvis & at the proximal ends of long bones

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22
Q

Occurs normally and in certain disease states when the BM is unable to produce sufficient numbers of hematopoietic cells.

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

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23
Q

Liver and Spleen

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

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24
Q

THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF BLOOD CELLS

A
  1. Monophyletic / Unitarian Theory
  2. Polyphyletic Theory
  3. Complete Theory
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25
states that blood cells come from one stem cell which is totipotent, giving rise to any series of cell types.
Monophyletic / Unitarian Theory
26
states that there are two to three cell origins. There is a separate and distinct stem cell compartment
Polyphyletic Theory
27
Polyphyletic Theory Sub-theories:
a. Dualistic b. Trialistic
28
Lymphoblast and myeloblast
a. Dualistic
29
Reticuloendothelial cells give rise to monocytes
b. Trialistic
30
believes that there is a separate stem cell for each cell series
Complete Theory
31
STEM CELLS PRODUCED BY THE BONE MARROW:
Hemohistioblast Pluripotent Stem cell (PPSC)
32
one single fixed multipotent stem cell that gives rise to tissue and to blood cells.
Hemohistioblast
33
Present in small numbers (constant) in the BM
Pluripotent Stem cell (PPSC)
34
Not morphologically identifiable
Pluripotent Stem cell (PPSC)
35
Has the ability to reproduce and differentiate
Pluripotent Stem cell (PPSC)
36
Proteins that regulate the production of blood cells.
GROWTH FACTORS
37
These include cytokines and hormones
GROWTH FACTORS
38
: stem cell factor or steel factor
Kit Ligand (KL)
39
- stimulates myeloid, erythroid and lymphoid progenitors
Kit Ligand (KL)
40
: primitive progenitor cells
Flt-3 Ligand (FL)
41
Granulocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells
GM-CSF
42
Increase erythroid precursors
Erythropoietin
43
Accelerates rate of proliferation and maturation
Erythropoietin
44
Accelerates release from the BM to the PB
Erythropoietin
45
Megakaryocytes (paltelets)
Thrombopoietin
46
: These are cell surface proteins that used in the recognition of lineage/differentiation
ANTIGENIC MARKERS
47
Stem cell marker (lymphoid and myeloid precursor)
CD34
48
Lymphoid, pan T cells
CD2, CD3
49
Pan myeloid cells
CD33
50
Helper/inducer T cells
CD4
51
Pan myeloid
CD13
52
Suppressor/cytotoxic T cells
CD8
53
Monocytes
CD11c, CD14
54
Lymphoid, pan B cells
CD10, CD19, CD20
55
Erythroid
CD71
56
NK cells
CD16, CD56
57
Release of RBCs is promoted by
erythropoietin, hypoxia, cells stage of maturation (reticulocyte) and the pressure exerted by the intramarrow growth of cells.
58
WBCs leave the bone marrow through (?) while platelets are released to the circulation through (?)
chemotaxis platelet shedding
59
CHANGES DURING NORMAL BLOOD CELL MATURATION: Cell size: Nuclear/Cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio:
decreases
60
CHANGES DURING NORMAL BLOOD CELL MATURATION: Basophilia: Amount/size: In some cells, some cytoplasmic constituents are produced
gradually decreases increases
61
CHANGES DURING NORMAL BLOOD CELL MATURATION: Nucleus Size: Nuclear chromatin: Number of nucleoli: Staining:
decreases becomes more coarse & clumped decreases from reddish to bluish-purple
62
Factors affecting RBC production
Growth Factors; Hormones (Androgenic hormones; Prostaglandins) Vitamins & Minerals : Folic acid, Vitamin B12, Co, Mn, Zn, Vit C, E, B6, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid : Iron, Copper, Proteins
63
Nucleus: 3 4 lobes (connected by threadlike filament)
SEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL
64
SEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL Function: defense against infections: PHAGOCYTOSIS
Diapedesis Chemotaxis Respiratory burst
65
Resemble basophils, but larger in size
MAST CELLS
66
Has the same function as basophils
MAST CELLS
67
Contains proteolytic enzymes and serotonin, histamine & heparin
MAST CELLS
68
MONOCYTE Granules:
ACP, B-glucuronidase, lysozyme, lipase, peroxidase
69
MONOCYTE Lifespan: circulation (?) --- tissues (Macrophage)
12 hrs
70
Tissue counterpart of the blood monocyte; Larger than monocyte
MACROPHAGE
71
long-lived lymphocytes
(4 - 10 yrs) 78 - 89%
72
short-lived lymphocytes
(3 - 4 days) 11 - 12%
73
Recognition & lysis of tumor cells
NK cells
74
Regulation of hematopoiesis & Immune regulation
NK cells
75
Destruction of Ab-coated cells
Killer cells
76
with smaller but more numerous granules that are less watersoluble.
MAST CELLS

HEMA 1 LEC (15 decks)

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