Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CD106 > Chapter 2 - Heredity, Prenatal Dev, & Birth > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Heredity, Prenatal Dev, & Birth Flashcards

1
Q

Genes

A

Specific sequence of nucleotides

recipes for making proteins.

Located on the chromosomes and there are an estimated 20,500 genes for humans. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Human cells

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs; one from each parent) in nucleus of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mitosis

A

Process by which most cells of the body are created.

The cell’s nucleus making an exact copy of all the chromosomes and splitting them into two new cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Meiosis

A

Gamete’s Chromosomes duplicate, and then divide twice resulting in four cells containing only half the genetic material of the original gamete.

Each sperm and the egg process is only 23 chromosomes and combine to produce the normal 46. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gamete

A

Sperm or ova - cells used in sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Genotype

A

Sum total of all the genes a person inherits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Phenotype

A

Features that are actually expressed (What you see in the mirror)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Homozygous

A

The same version of a gene from our mother and father

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different version of the gene from each parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dominant

A

Genes that express themselves in the phenotype even when paired with a different version of the chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Recessive

A

Genes that express themselves only one paired with a similar version gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Polygenic

A

Characteristics that are the result of several genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

When the dominant gene does not completely suppress the recessive gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Carriers

A

Those who have inherited only one recessive gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Monozygotic

A

Identical twins

Fertilized egg splits apart in the first two weeks of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dizygotic

A

Fraternal twins

Two eggs or ova are released and fertilized by two separate sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sex-linked

A

Defective gene is found on the X chromosome

Males have only one X chromosome so are at greater risk for sex linked disorders due to a recessive gene such as hemophilia, color blindness, and baldness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chromosomal abnormality

A

Occurs when a child inherits too many or too few chromosomes.

Most common is impaired 21. Trisomy 21 or down syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Down syndrome

A

Occurs when there are three rather than two 21st chromosomes.

Intellectual disability and possesses certain physical features, such as short fingers and toes, folds of skin over the eyes, and a protruding tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sex-linked chromosomal abnormality

A

23rd pair

XXY, XYY, XXX, XO

Most common: Turner syndrome & Klinefelter syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Occurs when part or all of one of the X chromosomes is lost and the resulting zygote has an XO composition

Affects individuals cognitive functioning and sexual maturation. External genitalia appear normal, but breast and ovaries do not develop fully and the woman does not menstruate 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

XXY

Results when an extra X chromosome is present in the cells of a male. 1 in 650 live male births.

The Y chromosome stimulates the growth of male genetalia, but the additional X chromosome inhibits this development. Individual typically has small testes, some breast development, and fertility, and low levels of testosterone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Genetic counseling

A

Service that assist individuals identify, test for, and explain potential genetic conditions that could adversely affect themselves or their offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

Scientific study of the interplay between the genetic and environmental contributions to behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Genotype-environmental correlations

A

Process by which genetic factors contribute to variations in the environment

Passive
Evocative
Active 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Passive genotype-environment correlation

A

When children passively inherit the genes and the environments their family provides

Ex. Water skiing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Evocative genotype-environment correlation

A

How the social environment reacts to individuals based on their inherited characteristics

Ex. Outgoing or shy affects how you’re treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Active genotype-environment correlation

A

When individuals seek out environments that support their genetic tendencies

Musically inclined seek out music instruction or what facilitates natural ability 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Genotype-environment interactions

A

Genetic susceptibility to environment.

Children exhibit significantly fewer behavior problems when their adoptive parents use more structure to parenting then unstructured.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Epigenetics

A

Studies modifications in DNA that affect gene expression and are passed on when the cells divide.

Environmental factors such as nutrition, stress, and teratogens are thought to change gene expression by switching genes on and off.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Prenatal development

A

Germinal period
Embryonic period
Fetal period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Germinal period

A

14 days

Conception to implantation of the fertilized egg in the lining of the uterus.

Creates Zygote

Blastocyst - embryonic disk and trophoblast

34
Q

Zygote

A

Cell containing the combined genetic information from both parents

35
Q

Blastocyst

A

100 cells after five days of mitosis.

During germinal period. 

36
Q

Embryonic disk

A

Blastocyst inner group of cells that become the embryo

37
Q

Trophoblast

A

Blastocyst outer group of cells that becomes the support system which nourishes the developing organism

38
Q

Embryonic period

A

3rd week to end of 8th week

Embryo

Placenta

Head develops 4th week
Precursor to heart begins to pulse
Most vulnerable to teratogens
1-in 8-grams end of 8th week

39
Q

Placenta

A

Embryonic period

Formed from blood vessels

Structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord

40
Q

Cephalocaudal development

A

Growth from head to tail

41
Q

Proximodistal development

A

Growth from the midline outward

42
Q

Fetal period

A

9th week to birth

Organism known as fetus

3rd month has all body parts - 3-in 28 grams

4th to 6th months - eyes sensitive to light, develop hearing and respiratory system, and reflexes. Cycles of sleep and wakefulness. Age of viability. Can feel pain week 24.

7th to 9th month - preparing for birth. Exercises muscles. Lungs expand/contract. 7-in 5-lbs. develop layer of fat for insulation and regulate temperature after birth

36 weeks - almost ready for birth. 18.5-in 6-lbs. 37 weeks all organ systems develop. Birth imminent.

43
Q

Age of viability

A

First chance of survival outside the womb

44
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Formation of neurons,

is largely completed after five months of gestation

45
Q

Gray matter

A

Regions of the brain that contain the cell bodies

46
Q

White matter

A

The axons that form the neural pathways

47
Q

Teratology

A

The study of factors that contribute to birth defects

48
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects, and include some maternal diseases, pollutants, drugs and alcohol

49
Q

Factors influencing prenatal risks (5)

A

Time of exposure
Amount of
Number of teratogens
Genetics
Being male or female (males More likely to experience damage due to teratogens)

50
Q

Alcohol

A

Most common

Leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities and children in the US. Can lead to neurocognitive and behavioral difficulties that can last a lifetime

51
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

A

Umbrella term for the range of effects that can occur due to alcohol consumption during pregnancy

52
Q

Binge drinking

A

Four or more drinks in 2 to 3 hours

53
Q

Tobacco

A

Associated with no birthweight

Ectopic pregnancy - fertilized egg implants itself outside of the uterus

Placenta previa - Placenta lies low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix

Placenta abruption - Placenta separate prematurely from the uterine wall

Birth defects, learning disabilities, and early puberty in girls

Third-hand smoke - toxins from tobacco smoke that linger on clothing, furniture, and then locations where smoking has occurred. Negative impact on infant’s lung development

54
Q

Neonatal abstinence syndrome

A

If a baby‘s mother used an addictive drug during pregnancy that baby can get addicted to the drug before birth and go through drug withdrawal after birth

55
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Tiny parasite, toxoplasma gondii, causes an infection.

Can cause premature birth, stillbirth and can result in birth defects to the eye and brain.

Avoid eating undercooked or raw meat and unwashed fruits and vegetables, and cat feces, soil, sand

56
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

Condition where the body has too much glucose in the bloodstream.

Usually goes away after mother gives birth, but it might indicate a risk for developing diabetes later in life.

57
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

Condition in which the pressure against the wall of the arteries becomes too high.

Can be gestational or chronic

58
Q

Rh disease

A

Mothers who are Rh negative are at risk of having a baby with a form of Anemia



59
Q

Ultrasound

A

Test in which sound waves are used to examine the fetus

60
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Procedure in which a needle is used to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid and cells from the sac surrounding the fetus and later tested.

Not done routinely as it has a high risk of miscarriage. 

61
Q

Chorionic villus sampling

A

Procedure in which a small sample of cells is taken from the placenta and tested.

Not done routinely as it has a high risk of miscarriage.

62
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Infection of a woman’s reproductive organs

63
Q

In vitro fertilization

A

Eggs are removed from the female and are fertilized outside the woman’s body. The fertilized egg is then reinserted in the woman’s uterus.

64
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

When the zygote becomes attached to the fallopian tube before reaching the uterus. 1 in 50 pregnancies

65
Q

Preeclampsia/Toxemia

A

Characterized by a sharp rise in blood pressure, a leakage of protein into the urine

As a result of kidney problems, and swelling of the hands, feet, and face during the third trimester of pregnancy.

66
Q

Eclampsia

A

When preeclampsia causes seizures 

67
Q

Lamaze method

A

Method that teaches the woman to be in control in the process of delivery. Includes learning muscle relaxation, breathing through contractions, having a focal point during contractions and having a support person who goes through the training process with the mother and serves as a coach during delivery

68
Q

Stages of birth for vaginal delivery

A

First stage (longest) - Initially contractions 30 seconds spaced 15 to 20-min apart. Increase to more than 1-min spaced 3 to 4 min. apart. Doctor called when spaced 5-min. 12-16-hrs 1st child & 6-9-hrs if previously given birth

Second stage - passage of baby through birth canal. 10-40-min. Contractions every 2-3-min. Sometimes episiotomy performed. Babies mouth and nose are suctioned out the umbilical cord is clamped and cut.

Third stage - Painless. Placenta or after birth is delivered typically within 20 minutes after delivery.

69
Q

Braxton-Hicks contractions

A

False labor

70
Q

Episiotomy

A

Incision made into tissue between the vaginal opening and anus

71
Q

Epidural block

A

Regional analgesic that can be used during labor and alleviates most pain in the lower body without slowing labor

72
Q

Cesarean section

A

Surgery to deliver the baby by being removed through the mothers abdomen

73
Q

Induced birth

A

Delivering the baby before labor begins

74
Q

Apgar assessment

A

Conducted one minute and five minutes after birth. Wait to assess the newborns overall condition. Five measures as follows:
Heart rate
Respiration
Muscle tone
Reflex response
Color

75
Q

Neonatal behavioral assessment scale

A

The babies motor development, muscle tone, and stress response are assessed. This tool has been used around the world to further assess the newborn, especially those with no Apgar scores

76
Q

Anoxia

A

Temporary lack of oxygen to the brain

77
Q

Low birth weight

A

If baby weighs less than 5 lbs. 8 oz.

78
Q

Preterm

A

Born at less than 37 weeks gestation

79
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Characterized by weak and irregular breathing – significant consequence of preterm births

80
Q

Small-for-date

A

Infants that have birthweights that are due no expectation based on their gestational age

81
Q

Baby blues

A

Feelings of sadness that occur 3 to 5 days after having a baby, and typically disappear usually within 10 days of the birth

82
Q

Peripartum onset of depression / Postpartum depression

A

Type of depression that occurs during pregnancy or in the four weeks following pregnancy

CD106 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions