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CD106 > Chapter 4: Early Childhood > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Early Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Dense band of fibers

connects two hemispheres of the brain

Hemispheres communicate through it

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2
Q

Enuresis

A

Repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes (involuntary or intentional)

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3
Q

Encopresis

A

Repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places (involuntary or intentional)

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4
Q

Piaget’s Pre-operational Stage

A

2-7

Children use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas (pretend play)

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5
Q

Operational

A

Logical manipulation of information 

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6
Q

Symbolic function substage

A

2-4
Characterized by child being able to mentally represent an object that is not present and dependence on perception in problem-solving

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7
Q

Intuitive thought substage

A

4-7

Marked by greater dependence on intuitive thinking rather than just perception

Ask a lot of questions 

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8
Q

Egocentrism

A

Tendency of young children not to be able to take the perspective of others, and instead the child thinks that everyone sees, thinks, and feels just as they do

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9
Q

Conservation

A

Ability to recognize that moving or rearranging matter does not change the quantity

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10
Q

Centration 🍕🧩

A

Focused on only one characteristic of an object to the exclusion of others

5 pieces vs 1 piece but same amount

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11
Q

Transductive

A

Making faulty inferences from one specific example to another

No nap = no afternoon 

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12
Q

Animism

A

Attributing life like qualities to objects

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13
Q

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Vygotsky

A

Occurs when they can almost perform a task, but not quite on their own without assistance

This is where children should be taught

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14
Q

Scaffolding

A

Temporary support that parents or teachers give a child to do a task

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15
Q

Egocentric speech

A

Speech that is focused on the child and does not include another’s point of view

Children talking to themselves

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16
Q

Private speech

A

Inner speech

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17
Q

Divided attention or multitasking

A

Ability to switch our focus between tasks or external stimuli

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18
Q

Selective attention

A

Ability to focus on a single task or stimulus, while ignoring distracting information

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19
Q

Sustained attention

A

Ability to stay on task for long periods of time

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20
Q

Sensory memory (register)

A

First stage of the memory system

stores sensory input in its raw form for a very brief duration;

long enough for brain to register and start processing the information

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21
Q

Working memory

A

Second stage of the memory system

Short term

Component of memory in which current conscious mental activity occurs

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22
Q

Executive function (EF)

A

Self regulatory processes

ability to inhibit behavior or cognitive flexibility, that enable adaptive responses to new situations or to reach a specific goal

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23
Q

Clustering rehearsal

A

Person rehearses previous material while adding in additional information

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24
Q

Long-term memory

A

Third component of memory

permanent memory

Basic division of LTM = declarative and non-declarative

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25
Q

Declarative memories

A

Explicit memories

Memories for facts or events that we can consciously recollect

Semantic or episodic

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26
Q

Non-declarative memories

A

Implicit memories

Typically automated skills that do not require conscious recollection

27
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memories for facts and knowledge that are not tied to a timeline

28
Q

Episodic memories

A

Tied to specific events in time

Component of episodic memory is autobiographical memory

29
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

Our personal narrative

30
Q

Neo-Piagetians

A

Those theorists who provide new interpretations of Piaget‘s theory

31
Q

Constructivism

A

Children actively try to understand the world around them

32
Q

Cognitive constructivist

A

Focuses on independent learning

Piaget

33
Q

Social constructivist

A

Relying on social interactions for learning

Vygotsky

34
Q

Theory-theory

A

Tendency of children to generate theories to explain everything they encounter

Implies that humans are naturally inclined to find reasons and generate explanations for why things occur

35
Q

Theory of mind

A

Ability to think about other peoples thoughts

36
Q

Fast mapping

A

Words are easily learned by making connections between new words and concepts already known

37
Q

Mutual exclusivity bias

A

Assumption that an object has only a single name

38
Q

Self-concept

A

Our self description according to various categories, such as our external and internal qualities

39
Q

Self-esteem

A

An evaluative judgment about who we are

40
Q

Categorical self

A

Focus on external qualities

41
Q

Response initiation 🛑🤔

A

Ability to not initiate a behavior before you have evaluated all the information

42
Q

Response inhibition

A

Ability to stop a behavior that has already begun

43
Q

Delayed gratification

A

Ability to hold out for a larger reward by foregoing a smaller immediate reward

44
Q

 gender

A

Cultural, social and psychological meanings associated with masculinity and femininity

45
Q

Gender identity

A

A person’s sense of self as a member of a particular gender

46
Q

Gender roles

A

The expectations associated with being male or female

47
Q

Gender socialization

A

Focuses on what young children learn about gender from society, including parent, peers, media, religious institutions, schools, and public policies

48
Q

Social learning theory

A

Argues that behavior is learned through observation, modeling, reinforcement, and punishment

49
Q

Cognitive social learning theory

A

Emphasizes reinforcement, punishment, and imitation, but adds cognitive processes

50
Q

Gender schema theory

A

Theory that children develop their own conceptions of the attributes associated with male parts or female parts

51
Q

Developmental intergroup theory

A

Many of our gender stereotypes are so strong because we emphasize gender so much in culture

52
Q

Transgender

A

Identifying with the gender opposite their natal sex

53
Q

Gender dysphoria

A

Distress accompanying a mismatch between one’s gender identity and biological sex

54
Q

Cisgender

A

Those whose gender and sex assignment at birth matched

55
Q

Intersex

A

Born with either an absence or some combination of male and female reproductive organs, sex hormones, or sex chromosomes

56
Q

Authoritative

A

Supportive and show interest in their kids’ activities but are not overbearing and allow them to make constructive mistakes

57
Q

Authoritarian

A

Traditional model of parenting in which parents make the rules and children are expected to be obedient

58
Q

Permissive

A

Parenting involves holding expectations of children that are below what could be reasonably expected from them

59
Q

Uninvolved

A

Parents are disengaged from their children. They do not make demands on their children and are non-responsive

60
Q

Child abuse and neglect

A

Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act, which presents an imminent risk of serious harm

61
Q

Sexual abuse

A

Defined as any sexual contact between a child and an adult or a much older child

62
Q

Incest

A

Sexual contact between a child and family member

63
Q

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

A

All types of abuse, neglect, and other potentially traumatic experiences that occur before the age of 18

CD106 (6 decks)

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