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Human Anatomy > chapter 2 Histiology > Flashcards

chapter 2 Histiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 basic parts that all cells have in common?

A
  1. Plasma membrane - outer boundary (regulation)
  2. Cytoplasm - fluid (cytosol) and organelles
  3. Nucleus - control of activities
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2
Q

There are approx. ____ many cells in the human body that are organized into _________

A

75 trillion cells

tissues

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3
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function

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4
Q

What is histology?

A

the study of tissues

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5
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
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6
Q

What is epithelial tissues and where are they found?

A
  • provides secretory and absorptive surface
  • lines every body surface and cavities
  • organs lined inside and outside
  • no extracellular matrix
  • avascular
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7
Q

Most glands derive from?

A

Epithelial tissue

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8
Q

What are the 4 functions of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. physical protection-(dehydration and abrasion)
  2. selective permeability- (regulates passage of substances)
  3. secretion- (sweat or oil)
  4. Sensation - (nerve endings detect various sensations)
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9
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics all epithelial tissues possess?

A
  1. Tightly packed- barrier and absorptive/secretive functions
  2. Organized assembly- apical, basal and lateral surfaces that differ in function
  3. Polarity- selective movement of molecules
  4. Highly regenerative0 need to regenerate after damage
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10
Q

What is the function of the lateral surface of epithelial cell?

A

contains junctions to communicate with other cells

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11
Q

what is the function of the apical surface of epithelial cells?

A

faces body surface, body cavity, lumen of internal organ or duct

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12
Q

What is the function of the basal surface of epithelial cells?

A

adheres to basal membrane

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13
Q

What 2 components make up the basement membrane?

A
  1. Basal lamina (formed by epithelial cells)

2. reticular lamina (formed by cells in connective tissues)

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14
Q

What are the 3 function of the basement membrane?

A
  1. support epithelial cells
  2. surface for cell movement
  3. restrict passage of substances
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15
Q

What are the 2 main types of epithelia?

A
  1. Covering epithelia

2. Glandular epithelia

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16
Q

What are covering epithelium?

A

cells in layers that cover external surface or line body cavities

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17
Q

What are glandular epithelium?

A

cells specialized to produce secretion

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18
Q

What are simple epithelium?

A

single layer of cells with all cells attached to the basement membrane

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19
Q

What are stratified epithelium?

A

2 or more layers of cells

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20
Q

What are pseudostratified epithelium?

A

single layer but not all cells reach the apical surface

- nuclei give appearance of multilayered (but not)

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21
Q

What are simple squamous epithelium and where are these located?

A

-single layer of flat, disc like cells with flat nuclei
Function = surface for filtration and diffusion
Location = air sac of lung (alveoli), glomeruli, blood vessels and capillary lumens, and body cavity linings

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22
Q

What are simple cuboidal epithelium and where are they located?

A

-single layer of cube-like cells with large round nuclei
Function= secretion and absorption
Location = ducts and glands (ovaries, kidneys) thyroid

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23
Q

What are simple columnar epithelium and where are they located?

A

-single layer of tall, rectangular cells with elongated nuclei
-microvilli/cilia common on apical surface
Function = absorption and secretion
Location = digestive and respiratory tract linings

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24
Q

What are pseduostratified columnar epithelium and where are they located?

A

-single layer of columnar cells different heights, nuclei also appearing at different heights
Function = secretion and propulsion (can be ciliated)
Location = male sperm duct, respiratory tract and large glands

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25
What are stratified squamous epithelia and where are they located?
-multiple layers of squamous cells on a basement membrane -basal cells are cube/columnar shaped and mitotically active Function = protection against abrasion and damage for tissue underneath Location = surface of the skin, linings of esophagus, vagina and mouth
26
What are stratified cubodial/columnar epithelia and where are they located?
-2 or more layers of these cells -least common Function = secretion Location = male sperm duct, sweat/mammary glands, pharynx, and male urethra
27
What are transitional epithelia and where are they located?
-appears to be stratified squamous or cuboidal - surface cells are rounded/squamous Function = stretching Location = lining urinary tracts (ureter, bladder, urethra)
28
What are glands and what are the 3 substances they secrete?
- consist of one or more cells that secrete specific substances 1. water 2. lipids 3. steroids
29
Glandular cells are classified based on what 2 characteristics?
1. Cell number - unicellular or multi 2. where product is released - exocrine/endocrine
30
Where does the product of an exocrine gland go? | Give some examples.
ducts to direct surface (body surface or cavity) | - mucous, sweat, oil, saliva, digestive enzymes
31
Where does the product of an endocrine gland go? | Give some examples.
directly into the bloodstream then travels to tissue - travel to specific target (cells, tissues, organs) - cells in adreal gland secrete products into bloodstream and cells of thymus secrete into spaces between cells
32
What is a goblet cell?
a unicellular exocrine gland that secretes mucous
33
Are exocrine glands uni or multicellular? Why?
multicellular - more complex, divides into duct and secretory regions - usually have connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels around outside
34
What are the 2 ways multicellular exocrine glands are classified?
1. branching = - simple = unbranched - compound = branched 2. shape = - tubular= tube-like - acinar(alveolar)= flasklike - tublo-acinar = both
35
What tissue do both exocrine and endocrine glands form?
epithelial tissue | - endocrine glands lose their ducts
36
What is connective tissue? | What are the 5 types of connective tissues?
- most diverse widely distributed abundant type of all 4 tissues Function = connect one structure to another 1. tendons 2. ligaments 3. body fat 4. bones 5. cartliage
37
What are the 4 main functions of connective tissues?
1. protection - tissues and organs 2. physical support - muscle attachments allow for skeletal move 3. energy storage/insulation - adipose tissue 4. transporting substances - blood carries nutrients and gases
38
What is the ground substance and function?
- interstitial fluid (fluid between cells) - mixture of proteins and CHO, salts and water - allows for movement of nutrients and dissolved substances to pass between cells and blood vessels
39
What are fibers and function?
- provide support | - help determine structural properties of tissues
40
What are the 3 different types of fibers and functions of each?
1. collagen - most common, strongest - resist pulling 2. Elastic - stretch and return to original shape 3. Reticular - thin, branching collagen fibers - forms extensive networks (spleen)
41
What 2 substances make up the extracellular matrix?
ground substance and fibers
42
What are cells in terms of connective tissue and function?
- different for all connective tissues | - loose connective tissue
43
Cells that end in "blast" mean?
developing and active
44
Cells that end in "cyst" mean?
mature and less active
45
Very common cells that secrete fibers?
fibroblasts
46
the clean up cells | - engulf bacteria and cellular debris
macrophages
47
these cells secrete antibodies
plasma cells
48
these cells are abundant in blood vessels and produce histamine
mast cells
49
these cells store fat
adipocytes
50
these cells are not normally present and migrate in response to infection
white blood cells
51
What kind of connective tissue is areolar? What are its functions and location?
- loose connective tissue - loosely packed fibers of all types and immune cells Function = cushion organs Location = under epithelial layers and surrounding organs
52
What kind of connective tissue is adipose? What is the function/location?
- loose CT - matrix crowded by tightly packed adipocytes Function = insulate and protect organs (energy storage depot) Location = around major organs, in subcutaneous layer of the skin (under dermns)
53
What kind of connective tissue is adipose? What is the function/location?
- loose CT - matrix crowded by tightly packed adipocytes Function = insulate and protect organs (energy storage depot) Location = around major organs, in subcutaneous layer of the skin (under dermis)
54
What kind of connective tissue is reticular? what is the function/location?
-loose CT -meshwork of reticular fibers loosely organized Function = support tissue and immune cells Location = lymph nodes, bone marrow, splenic pulp
55
What kind of connective tissue is regular? What are the function/location?
- dense CT -fibers are alligned and parallel to eachother -fibroblasts embedded within a regularly ordered assembly of collagen fibers Function - resist pull Location = attaches muscle to bone (tendon) and attaches bone to bone (ligament)
56
what kind of CT is irregular? What are its functions/location?
-dense CT irregular-arranged collagen fibers with fibroblasts embedded within Function = resists force from many directions Location = dermis, joint capsules, underlying epithelial linings (digestive tract)
57
What type of CT are elastic? What is the function/location?
-dense CT -enriched with elastin fibers (ordered arrangment of elastin) Function = stretch and recoil of tissue Location = walls of arteries, bronchial tubes and some ligaments
58
What is cartilage and where is it found? What are the mature cells found here?
-collagen and elastic fibers in a specialized matrix -provide support and withstand deformation -found in lacunae mature cells = chondrocytes
59
What is hyaline cartilage and where is it found?
- most abundant but weakest | - developing bones
60
What is fibrocartilage and where is it found?
lots of collagen and the strongest | - intervertebral discs
61
what is elastic cartilage and where is it found? | what type of CT is cartilage?
-supporting CT lots of elastic fibers to maintain shape -found in ear
62
What type of CT is bone? Function?
- supporting CT - similar to cartilage but different matrix - cells lay down matrix and become trapped within lacunae = osteocytes
63
What is the difference between bone and cartilage?
``` cartilage= disorganized bone = organized (round) ```
64
What type of CT is blood? What is its major components and function?
-fluid CT -matrix = mostly water cells = red and white BC's and platelets
65
How does blood differ from lymph?
- lymph matrix similar to blood but has fewer proteins in it - cellular composition varies
66
What are the 2 different types of membranes?
1. Epithelial membranes = epithelial and connective tissues | 2. Synovial membranes = just connective tissue
67
What is a cutaneous membrane and what is it made of?
- covers surface of body (skin) - keratinized, stratified squamous epithelia attached to thick layer of CT - exposed to air and dry
68
What is a mucous membrane? Function and location?
-lines passageways that open to body surface -mucous traps particles and lubricates passages -antibacterial agents Function - defence Location= digestive, respiratory, reproductive tracts
69
What are serous membranes and what 2 layers are components of it?
- lines body cavities that does not open to the exterior 1. Parietal layer - attached to cavity wall 2. Visceral layer - attached to organs
70
What is a synovial membrane? | what are they made up of?
found where 2 bones meet - consist of CT only - cells secrete synovial fluid that acts as lube
71
What is skeletal muscle? | Function/location?
- forms from fused cells -multi nucleated - striations visible Function = voluntary skeletal movement Location = attach to bones
72
What is cardiac muscle? Function/location?
-specialized cell junctions (intercallated discs) with great degree of branching - individual nuclei and striations visible Location = heart wall
73
What is smooth muscle?Function/location?
-spindle-shaped cells within a central nucleus -found in layers that form sheets Function = accommodates stretching Location = walls of hollow organs
74
What 2 things makes up nervous tissue? Function/location?
1. Neurons - recieve sensory info. and carry to the brain - transmit motor impulses from brain to effector organs 2. Glial cells = support protection and nourishment for neurons Location= brain, spinal cord, CNS and PNS

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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