chapter 7- articulations

Question 1

a _____ is the place where a bone meets:

• another bone
• cartilage
• teeth

Answer 1

articulation (or joint)

Question 2

articulations vary in their_____ and _____

Answer 2

stability and mobility

Question 3

to vary from immobile to wide range of motion

Answer 3

mobility

Question 4

articular shape affects mobility and stability

Answer 4

stability

Question 5

what are the 3 structural joint classes?

Answer 5

1. fibrous
2. cartilaginous
3. synovial

Question 6

this structural joint is bones separated by fluid

Answer 6

synovial

Question 7

this structural joint is bones held together by collagen fibers

Answer 7

fibrous

Question 8

this structural joint is bones held together by cartilage

Answer 8

cartilaginous

Question 9

fibrous joints lack what structure?

Answer 9

joint cavity

Question 10

this fibrous joint is immobile and adjacent bones held together by short collagen fibers-begin by being wider apart or as fontanels

Answer 10

sutures

Question 11

this fibrous joint is slightly mobile, bones held together by interosseous ligament

Answer 11

membrane between bones (syndesmoses)

Question 12

this fibrous joint is generally immobile

Answer 12

teeth (gomphosis)

Question 13

this type of cartilaginous joint is temporary during development and disappears when epiphysis fused to diaphysis

Answer 13

epiphyseal plate (synchondrosis)

Question 14

this type of cartilaginous joint resists movement in males and nonpregnant females and is influenced by hormones during pregnancy

Answer 14

pubic symphysis

Question 15

this type of cartilaginous joint has little movement between adjacent bones and the entire structure is quite mobile

Answer 15

intervertebral symphysis

Question 16

this type of synovial joint has one axis of rotation

Answer 16

uniaxial

Question 17

joints in the fingers and toes

Answer 17

hinge joints

Question 18

joints that pronation and supination of forearm

Answer 18

pivot joints

Question 19

this type of synovial joint has 2 axes of rotation

Answer 19

biaxial joints

Question 20

the joint that allows the wrist to move in 2 different directions

Answer 20

condyloid joints

Question 21

what joints have same movements but different shape to articulating surface

Answer 21

saddle joints

Question 22

joints that have more then 2 axes of rotation

Answer 22

multiaxial joints

Question 23

joints of the shoulder and hips, cup shaped sockets

Answer 23

ball and socket joints

Question 24

joints with no identifiable axis of rotation that allow slight gliding movements in many directions

Answer 24

gliding joints

Question 25

what is the difference between flexion and extension?

Answer 25

``` flexion = movement that decreases joint angle extension = movement that increases joint angle ```

Question 26

what is the difference between abduction and adduction?

Answer 26

``` abduction = movement away from midline adduction = movement towards midline ```

Question 27

what is the difference between pronation and supination?

Answer 27

``` pronation = palm facing anterior supination = palm facing posterior (crossing of the radius and ulna) ```

Question 28

what is the difference between depression and elevation?

Answer 28

``` elevation = moving upwards (superiorly) depression = moving downwards (inferiorly) ```

Question 29

what is the difference between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?

Answer 29

dorsiflexion =moves the dorsum of the foot from anatomical position toward the leg plantar flexion =equivalent of extension, moves the plantar surface (sole) of the foot in an inferior direction, as in standing on the toes

Question 30

what is the difference between protraction and retraction?

Answer 30

``` protraction = movement in anterior direction retraction = movement in the posterior direction ```

Question 31

this is the only moveable joint in the skull and is relatively easy to dislocate

Answer 31

temporomandibular joint (jaw) - only the mandible moves - easy to dislocate because it is shallow

Question 32

this ball and socket joint is formed by the head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula - most freedom of movement than any other joint - strengthened by ligaments and rotator cuff muscles

Answer 32

glenohumeral joint (shoulder)

Question 33

why is it common to dislocate the shoulder?

Answer 33

socket is quite shallow | - head of humerus usually displaced inferiorly

Question 34

this refers to the injury of the acromioclavicular joint

Answer 34

separated shoulder | -clavicle separated from scapula

Question 35

these 2 joints are the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear (semilunar) notch of the ulna and the capitulum of the humerus and head of radius - which one of these is prone to dislocation?

Answer 35

humeroulnar and humeroradial joints (elbow) - dislocation of radial head most common (caused by swinging children with outstretched arms)

Question 36

this condition is pain experienced near lateral epicondyle of humerus, caused by aggravation to extensor muscles

Answer 36

tennis elbow

Question 37

this is a ball and socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis (allows for wide range of movement)

Answer 37

hip joint

Question 38

what is the difference between the shoulder and hip joints?

Answer 38

hip joint is much more stable because: - depth of acetabulum - extensive muscles and ligaments holding it in place

Question 39

this is one of the most common bone fractures among the elderly, and arthritis is a contributing factor

Answer 39

hip fracture

Question 40

this is the most complex joint of the entire body and it consists of 3 separate joints in one synovial cavity

Answer 40

tibiofemoral joint (knee)

Question 41

this knee injury often results from blow to lateral side of leg when leg is stationary - common in football

Answer 41

ACL tear

Question 42

this knee injury often associated with ACL damage

Answer 42

meniscus tear

Question 43

this knee injury is the displacement of tibia relative to the femur

Answer 43

dislocated knee

Question 44

what is the joints within the knee capsule?

Answer 44

patellofemoral joint - protection and improves stability and movement tibiofemoral joints - lateral and medial movement

Question 45

a hinge joints that forms from the tibia, fibula, and talus and is unique in that various soft tissues go from vertical to horizontal orientation

Answer 45

talocrural joint (ankle)

Question 46

this is the most frequent injury in a joint in the body

Answer 46

ankle sprain

Question 47

type of arthritis that is the most common, resulting from wear and tear

Answer 47

osteoarthritis

Question 48

this type of arthritis is also very common and results from an autoimmune disease

Answer 48

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 49

this type of arthritis is caused by high levels of uric acid and results in the formation of crystals in synovial membranes

Answer 49

gouty arthritis

Question 50

this is inflammation of the fluid-filled sac (bursa) that lies between a tendon and skin, or between a tendon and bone

Answer 50

bursitis

Question 51

this is inflammation of the tendon where muscle attaches to bone

Answer 51

tendonitis

Question 52

what is luxation

Answer 52

dislocation

Question 53

what is subluxation

Answer 53

partial dislocation

Question 54

an injury of stretching or partial tearing of the ligament reinforcing a joint and often heals slowly

Answer 54

sprains

Question 55

injury of joints severely damaged (injury or disease) may have to be replaced (most common in hips, knees and shoulders)

Answer 55

arthroplasty