Chapter 2 Key Terms: Different Ways of Learning

Question 1

Accelerated Program

Answer 1

The more rapid promotion of gifted students through school

Question 2

Advanced Placement (AP)

Answer 2

A curriculum that offers college-level courses to high-school students. Students who score high enough on a qualifying exam can earn college credit

Question 3

Appropriate Education

Answer 3

A part of Public Law 94-142 that protects the right of students with disabilities to an education that reflects an accurate diagnosis

Question 4

Confirmation Bias

Answer 4

The tendency to process information by looking for, or interpreting, information that is consistent with one’s existing beliefs

Question 5

Carol Dweck

Answer 5

Standford professor who deals with fixed and growth mindset theories

Question 6

Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

Answer 6

A new human dimension that measures personality characteristics, such as persistence. Some believe that EQ scores may be better predictors of future success that IQ scores.

Question 7

Exceptional Learners

Answer 7

Studetns who require special education and related services to realize their full potential. Categories of exceptionality include mentally challenged, gifted, learning disabled, emotionally disturbed, and physically disabled

Question 8

Fixed Mindset

Answer 8

A theory developed by Carol Dweck that views intelligence as finite, determined at birth, and unchangeable

Question 9

Gender Similarities Hypothesis

Answer 9

A theory suggesting that males and females are more alike than different on most psychological and intellectual variables and therefore do not demonstrate gender-specific learning modalities that require unique teaching approaches

Question 10

Howard Gardner

Answer 10

A Harvard psychologist who has worked to broaden the concept of intelligence and developed the theory of multiple intelligences

Question 11

Giftedness

Answer 11

A term describing individuals with exceptional ability. The National Association for Gifted Children defines five elements of giftedness: artistic and creative talents, intellectual and academic abilities, and leadership skills. There, however, continues to be great variance in definitions of the gifted

Question 12

Daniel Goleman

Answer 12

A psychologist and author who deals with the theory of Emotional Intelligence Quotient. He wrote “Emotional Intelligence” which suggests that EQ taps into the heart as well as the head

Question 13

Growth Mindset

Answer 13

A theory developed by Carol Dweck that views intelligence as developing throughout an individual’s life.

Question 14

Inclusion

Answer 14

The practice of educating and integrating children with disabilities into regular classroom settings

Question 15

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

Answer 15

The mechanism through which a disabled child’s special needs are identified, objectives and services are described, and evaluation is designed

Question 16

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Answer 16

A federal law passed in 1990 that extends full education services and provisions to people identified with disabilities

Question 17

International Baccalaureate (IB)

Answer 17

An internationally recognized curriculum fo students ages 3-19 that includes rigorous science, math, and foreign language requirements along with diverse cultural studies. The IB program is designed to develop the intellectual, emotional, and social skills students need to learn, live, and work in our increasingly connected globalizing world.

Question 18

Learning Disability

Answer 18

An educationally significant language and/or learning deficit

Question 19

Learning Styles

Answer 19

visual, auditory, kinesthetic, linguistic, logical, social, and solitary learning

Question 20

Least restrictive environment

Answer 20

The program best suited to meeting a disabled student’s special needs without segregating the student from the regular educational program

Question 21

Mainstreaming

Answer 21

The inclusion of special education in the regular education program. The nature and extent of this inclusion should be based on meeting the special needs of the child

Question 22

Metacognition

Answer 22

The awareness of one’s own learning processes and the ability to monitor one’s understanding

Question 23

Motivation

Answer 23

Students are more motivated in school or any learning environment when they feel that they belong. They feel belonging and motivation to learn when schools are a place they can bring their whole selves, including their goals, interests, and values: see themselves as competent learners; and feel safe and valued

Question 24

Multiple Intelligences

Answer 24

A theory developed by Howard Gardner to expand the concept of human intelligence to include such areas as logical-mathematical, linguistic, bodily kinesthetic, musical, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist

Question 25

Neuroplasticity

Answer 25

The ability of our brain to change itself and create new neural pathways

Question 26

Nondiscriminatory Education

Answer 26

A principle based on the fifth and fourteenth amendments of the U.S Constitution, that mandates that children with disabilities be fairly assessed so that they can be protected from inappropriate classification and tracking

Question 27

Prior Knowledge

Answer 27

The knowledge and misconceptions that students bring to the learning environment. Students learn more when teachers actively build on students' knowledge and address any misconceptions students have

Question 28

Procedural Due Process

Answer 28

The right of children with disabilities and their parents to be notified of school actions and decisions; to challenge those decisions before and impartial tribunal, using counsel and expert witnesses; to examine the shcool records on which a decision is based; and to appeal whatever decision is reached

Question 29

Regular Education Initiative

Answer 29

The attempt to reduce the complications and expense of segregated special education efforts by teaching special needs students in the standard educational program through collaborative consultation, curricular modifications, and environment adaptations

Question 30

Social and Emotional Learning

Answer 30

The process through which people understand and manage their emotions, set and achieve positive goals, feel and show empathy for others, establish and maintain positive relationships, and make responsible decisions.

Question 31

Special Education

Answer 31

Programs and instruction for children with physical, mental, emotional, or learning disabilities or gifted students who need special educational services to achieve at their ability level

Question 32

Transfer

Answer 32

The ability to apply what one learns in a context to another context or problem. Understanding key concepts and organizing them into a conceptual framework, rather that memorizing facts of thinking of concepts in terms of only one context, helps build students' ability to transfer their learning to new contexts and problems

Question 33

Zero Reject

Answer 33

The principle that no child with disabilities may be denied a free and appropriate public education