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VMCB 311 > CHAPTER 2: Lesson 7: Bacterial Morphology and Fine Structure > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2: Lesson 7: Bacterial Morphology and Fine Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

The size of most bacteria ranges from ________ to ________ and from _______ to ________.

A

0.2 μm (micrometer) to 2.0 μm in diameter
2.0 μm to 8.0 μm

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2
Q

Several shapes of bacteria

A

Cocci
Bacilli
Vibro
Spirilla
Spirochete

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3
Q

Usually round but can either be oval,
elongated, spherical or elliptical shape. Either they may remain as a single cell or
may aggregate together for various configurations.

A

Cocci: (singular: coccus meaning berries)

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4
Q

6 various configurations of Cocci

A

a. Monococcus
b. Diplococcus
c. Streptococcus
d. Tetracoccus
e. Staphylococcus

f. Sarcina

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5
Q

Represented by single, discrete round cell

A

Monococcus

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6
Q

The cell of this bacteria divides but the cells remain attached to each other.

A

Diplococcus

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7
Q

Here the cells divide repeatedly in one plane to form chain
of cells

A

Streptococcus

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8
Q

This consists of four round cells, which divide in two planes at
right angles to one another and remain in a group of four

A

Tetracoccus

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9
Q

Here the cells are divided into three planes forming a
structured like bunches of grapes giving an irregular configuration

A

Staphylococcus

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10
Q

These cells divide in three planes but they form a cube like
configuration consisting of eight or sixteen cells but they have a regular
shape.

A

Sarcina

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11
Q

These are rod shaped or cylindrical bacteria which either remain singly or
in pairs.

A

Bacilli

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12
Q

appear in pairs after cell division

A

Diplobacilli

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13
Q

occurs in chain after cell division

A

Streptobacilli

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14
Q

Oval shaped similar to cocci

A

Coccobacilli

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15
Q

3 type of Bacilli

A

Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
Coccobacilli

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16
Q

curved, comma shaped bacteria and represented by a single genus

A

Vibro

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17
Q

Spiral or spring like with multiple curvature and terminal flagella with
fairly rigid bodies.

A

Spirilla

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18
Q

Helical and flexible which move by means of axial filaments
resembling flagella but contained within an external sheath.

A

Spirochete

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19
Q

Structures external to the cell wall

A

Glycocalyx
Flagella
Axial filaments
Fimbriae
Pili

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20
Q

These are viscous substances that surround the cell
composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide or both

A

Glycocalyx: (meaning sugar coat)

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21
Q

Functions of Glycocalyx

A

(1) enables bacteria
to survive by attaching to surfaces, example: Streptococcus mutans attaches to
the surface of the teeth and cause dental carries,
(2) bacterial source of energy
when supply is low, and
(3) protection to host cell by attaching to surface hence
preventing the movements of nutrients out of the cell during dehydration.

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22
Q

Two forms of Glycocalyx

A

a. capsule form
b. slime layer
form

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23
Q

The substance is organized, is firmly attached to
the cell wall, and clinically contributes to the virulence (ability to cause disease) of
bacteria due to its capacity to evade phagocytosis by host cells.

A

capsule form

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24
Q

The substance is unorganized and is loosely attached to the cell wall.

A

slime layer form

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25
These are long filamentous appendages that propels bacteria.
Flagella: (singular: flagellum, meaning whip)
26
Three basic parts of Flagella
(1) filament (2) hook (3) basal body
27
Long outermost part that contains flagellin arranged in helix.
filament
28
where filament is attached to
hook
29
It anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane. The flagella move by rotating from this part either in clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
basal body
30
The movement of the basal body is termed as _________.
motility
31
Motility can be presented in different patterns: what are these patterns?
(a) run or swim (b) tumbles (c) swarm
32
bacterium moves in one direction
run or swim
33
periodic abrupt or random interruptions to run or swim
tumbles
34
rapid wavelike movement
swarm
35
It also called endoflagella present in Spirochetes like Borrelia burgdorferi that causes Lyme disease. These are actually bundled fibrils that arises at one end of Spirochetes and spirals around it. When these filaments rotate it causes the Spirochetes to a spiral motion.
Axial filaments
36
It is a type of protein called pilin. It has numerous hair like appendages that surrounds the bacterium and helps to attach to hosts surfaces
Fimbriae
37
It is another type of the protein pilin but is only presented in one or two per bacterium.
Pili
38
It helps bacterial cells to prepare DNA transfer from one cell to another.
Pili
39
It is a semi rigid structure that protects the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Bacterial cell wall
40
Functions of bacterial cell wall
(1) prevents rupture of the cell, (2) maintain the shape of the cell, (3) anchors flagella, (4) contributes to the virulence of the bacteria, (5) site of action of some antibiotics, and (6) the chemical composition of cells is used to differentiate types of bacteria
41
The bacterial cell wall is primarily composed of network of ___________.
peptidoglycan (also called murein)
42
Have multiple layers of peptidoglycan in its cell wall for a thick rigid structure.
Gram positive bacteria
43
Gram positive bacteria contains __________ which provide the antigenic capacity of the bacteria making it possible to identify it upon laboratory tests.
teichoic acids
44
The cell wall of this bacteria has a thin layer of peptidoglycan making it very susceptible to mechanical breakage or environmental degradation.
Gram negative bacteria
45
The cell wall (outer portion) of a Gram negative bacteria are composed of what?
lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also called endotoxin) lipoproteins phospholipids
46
Functions of the outer portion of a bacterial Cell Wall
(1) evades phagocytosis and cell lysis, (2) barrier to antibiotics and other enzymes, (3) passage of molecules thru porin channels.
47
Functions of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
(1) provides antigenic capacity of the bacteria (2) causes physiological effects when present in the bloodstream (toxicity, fever, sepsis, shock, or death)
48
What are the bacteria that is composed of higher percentage of mycolic acid in their cell walls than peptidoglycan which prevents reaction to Gram stains?
Mycobacterium sp Nocardia sp
49
Bacteria that are composed of high mycolic acid can be stained with a _________ which resist removal with acid alcohol thus called __________.
carbolfuchsin acid-fast bacteria
50
What do you call those having no cell wall or with very little wall material. Give 1 example of a bacteria.
atypical cell walls (Mycoplasma sp.)
51
These chemicals can also cause damage, or interfere with the synthesis of cell walls by cell lysis.
lysozyme
52
Structures internal to the cell wall
Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Nuclear area Ribosomes Inclusions Endospores
53
Underlying the cell wall is a thin layer of this which is composed mainly of phospholipids arranged in two rows called lipid bilayer. The outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer (polar heads) are hydrophilic or water-loving, while the inside of the bilayer (nonpolar tails) are hydrophobic or water-fearing.
Plasma membrane
54
Underlying the cell wall is a thin layer of this which is composed mainly of phospholipids arranged in two rows called ___________.
lipid bilayer
55
The outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer (polar heads) are __________, while the inside of the bilayer (nonpolar tails) are _________.
hydrophilic or water-loving hydrophobic or water-fearing
56
Functions of a Plasma Membrane
(1) entry/exit of substances in cells by selective permeability, (2) protect and lubricate the cell, (3) cell-to-cell interactions (4) breakdown of nutrients and energy production.
57
The movement of materials/substances across the membrane can be either be what?
Passive Processes or Active Processes
58
Passive Processes include what?
Simple diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis
59
movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
Simple diffusion
60
Same with simple diffusion but substances are transported across the membrane via transporter.
Facilitated diffusion
61
Movement of a solvent molecule (water) from high concentration to low concentration via a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
62
Types of Active Processes
Active Transport Group Translocation
63
The cell uses energy to transport a substance from lower to higher concentration without altering the substance
Active transport
64
A special type of active that alters the substance being transported across a membrane.
group translocation
65
The substance inside the plasma membrane composed mainly of water and other substances like proteins, carbohydrates or lipids.
Cytoplasm
66
It is located in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell contains double-stranded DNA each for the bacterial chromosome and plasmid.
Nuclear area also called nucleoid
67
It contains the genetic information of the cell.
Bacterial chromosome
68
It carry genes associated to antibiotic resistance, toxin production or enzyme synthesis. It is important in gene manipulation of bacteria.
plasmid
69
It is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and serve as sites for protein synthesis. The number of this is proportional to the rate of protein production.
Ribosomes
70
Ribosomes have 2 subunits: ________ (small and contains one molecule of ribosomal [rRNA] in bacteria), and ________ (larger and contains two molecules of rRNA in bacteria). Ribosomes in bacteria are called _____________.
30S 50S subunit 70S ribosomes
71
These are reserve deposits of (1) metachromatic granules (used in ATP synthesis), (2) polysaccharide granules, (3) lipid inclusions, (4) sulfur granules (energy reserve), (5) carboxysomes (for carbon dioxide fixation), (6) gas vacuoles (maintain buoyancy), and (7) magnetosomes: are iron oxide that acts like magnet to move until attachment site.
Inclusions
72
A reserve deposit that is used in ATP synthesis.
metachromatic granules
73
A reserve deposit used as energy reserve
sulfur granules
74
Reserve deposit used for carbon dioxide fixation.
carboxysomes
75
A reserve deposit that maintains buoyancy.
gas vacuoles
76
These are iron oxide that acts like a magnet to move until the attachment site.
magnetosomes
77
These are specialized resting cells formed internal the cell membrane when a bacterial cell goes into vegetative state (active cell that undergoes metabolism) in a process called sporulation. These are released when bacterial (parent) cell is degraded. It is capable of resistance to harsh chemicals, extreme environmental condition, and radiation.
Endospores
78
It can remain dormant for a thousand years and can return to vegetative state by germination when its coat is triggered either by physical or chemical damage.
endospore
79
The process when a bacterial cell goes into vegetative state (active cell that undergoes metabolism).
Sporulation

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