Chapter 2 ; Life in Elizabethan Times Flashcards
(314 cards)
1
Q
Why was there an increase in poverty during the Elizabethan era?
A
inflation
harvest
enclosure
pop increase
sheep farming
2
Q
How much of land was enclosed in the Elizabethan era?
A
2-3%
3
Q
Why was enclosure blamed for poverty?
A
scapegoat for vagabonds issue
4
Q
What did enclosure mean for peasants?
A
no more subsistence farming
5
Q
What did enclosure mean for farming?
A
new techniques
easier to maintain
6
Q
How did the decrease in subsistence farming affect the rural population?
A
rural population decreased
7
Q
How much did the population increase by during the Elizabethan era?
A
35 % increase
8
Q
Which city was the fastest growing city?
A
London
9
Q
What was the population in London?
A
150,000 people
10
Q
How much did the population increase by?
A
2.8 million to 4 million
11
Q
How did a growing population lead to poverty?
A
urban population did not produce food so prices increased
12
Q
How much of exports did sheep farming provide?
A
81% of exports
13
Q
How did sheep farming benefit land owners?
A
less labour - reduced land costs
14
Q
How did sheep farming affect peasants?
A
less jobs
less space for crops
15
Q
How did sheep farming take up land?
A
sheep fields
crop for sheep
16
Q
When was there a large flu outbreak?
A
1556
17
Q
How many workers died during the 1556 flu outbreak?
A
200,000 workers
18
Q
How did inflation affect workers?
A
wages did not increase with prices
19
Q
How did failed harvests affect peasants?
A
no food
no income
20
Q
Why were the less harvests?
A
more sheep farming
21
Q
What did more sheep farming mean?
A
less harvests
22
Q
Where did harvests happen?
A
only rural areas
23
Q
What did harvests in rural areas mean for urban areas?
A
high prices
24
Q
How much did the cost of grain increase by during the Elizabethan era?
A
increased six fold
25
Why was inflation increased by poor harvests?
food production slower than population growth
26
What were the types of poor?
vagabonds
deserving / impotent
underserving / idle
27
Who wrote the book Warning Against Vagabonds?
Thomas Harman
28
What book did Thomas Harman write?
Warning Against Vagabonds
29
Give examples of vagabonds mentioned in Thomas Harman's book
bare top trickster
Tom O' Bedlam
clapper dudgeon
counterfeit crank
30
What did the bare top trickster vagabond do?
removed clothing to trick men into following them
- beaten and robbed by accomplices
31
What did the Tom O' Bedlam vagabond do?
pretended to be mad for sympathy / to rid of
32
How did Tom O' Bedlam vagabonds act mad?
bark
chicken's head in ear
follow people
33
What did the clapper dudgeon vagabond do?
cut himself
dirty bandage
for sympathy
34
What did the counterfeit crank vagabond do?
bite on soap
froth at mouth
for sympathy
35
How did members of the public feel about Houses of Correction?
humiliated
mortifying
36
What was introduced in York in 1528?
master beggar
37
When was a master beggar introduced in York?
1528
38
Which cities responded directly to rising poverty?
Norwich
Ipswich
York
39
When was the York Corporation formed?
1515
40
What did the York Corporation introduce?
wearing poor badge
41
What did Ipswich have to help the poor?
youth training scheme
House of Correction
hospital - old and sick
42
What happened in Ipswich in 1569?
licencing system introduced
increased support
43
How did Norwich city respond to poor?
taxed rich
identified poor
44
What skills did Norwich teach poor?
knitting
sewing
45
When were the poor law issued?
1563
1572
1576
46
When was the first poor law issued?
1563
47
What was the first poor law issued?
Statue of Artificers
48
What was the poor law of 1563?
Statue of Artificers
49
How much would officials be fined if failing to organise poor?
£ 20
50
What did the Statue of Artificers mean for officials?
if failed to organise poor - fined up to £20
51
What did the Statue of Artificers ensure happened?
ensure poor relief collected
52
What did the Statue of Artificers mean for those who refused to pay poor relief?
imprisonment
53
When was the second poor law issued?
1572
54
What did the poor law of 1572 aim to do?
deter vagrancy
shelter impotent
55
How did the poor law of 1572 deter vagabonds?
punishment
56
How would someone be punished if caught being a vagabond for the first time?
whipped
hole through ear
57
How would someone be punished if caught being a vagabond for the second time?
imprisoned
58
How would someone be punished if caught being a vagabond for the third time?
death
59
What did the poor law of 1572 mean for JPs?
their responsibility to manage poor
60
What was the third poor law to be issued?
Poor Relief Act
61
When was the third poor law issued?
1576
62
When was the Poor relief act issued?
1576
63
Which poor law was issued in 1576?
Poor Relief Act
64
What was the aim of the Poor Relief Act?
distinguish idle and impotent poor
65
What did the Poor Relief Act aim to do for idle poor?
find work
66
How were the idle poor who refused the work they were offered punished?
house of correction
67
How did the Poor Relief act aim to benefit the poor?
prevent vagarancy
68
What did the JPs provide to the idle poor after the Poor Relief Act?
wool and raw material
69
How did the Poor Relief Act aim to prevent vagrancy?
start business
not depend on local authority
70
Why did the Elizabethans explore?
spanish rivalry
spreading protestantism
increased experience
trade
knowledge
technology
opportunity
71
Why did Spanish rivalry encourage exploration?
growing wealth and power of Spain
72
Why was Spain growing wealth and power?
gold and silver mines in colonies
73
Where did Spain get gold and silver from?
Mexico
Peru
74
How did spreading Protestantism encourage exploration?
moral mission
spreading to heathens
75
How did the increased experience of sailors encourage exploration?
successful captains
willing crew
76
Give examples of successful captains
Drake
Hawkins
77
How did the expansion of trade encourage exploration?
explorers able to establish trade routes
78
Give examples of trade routes established by Elizabethan explorers
India
Russia
79
How did learning and knowledge encourage exploration?
Renaissance
- desire to explore unknown
80
How did new technology encourage exploration?
improved ability and skills
81
Give example of new technology in Elizabethan era
astrolabe
82
What did an astrolabe do?
determined latitude
83
Describe how an astrolabe determined latitude
measuring angle between horizon and North Star
84
How did economic opportunity encourage exploration?
rich invested into voyages for profit
85
How did Elizabethan explorers make profit for their investors?
attacked Spanish ships carrying gold and silver
86
When was Sir Walter Raleigh knighted?
1585
87
When did Sir Walter Raleigh get dismissed from court?
1592
88
Why was Raleigh dismissed from court?
married Lady in Waiting Throckmorton without permission in secret
89
When was Raleigh MP for Devonshire?
1585 to 1586
90
When was Raleigh MP for Dorset?
1597
91
When was Raleigh MP for Cornwall?
1601
92
What was Raleigh granted by the Queen?
granted royal charter
93
What did the royal charter mean for Raleigh?
explore new lands
94
Why was Raleigh granted the royal charter?
favourite of Queen
95
How did the royal charter help Raleigh?
played key role in discovering new world
96
What did Raleigh attempt to do?
create colony
97
Who was John Hawkins cousins with?
Frances Drake
98
Who was Frances Drake cousins with?
John Hawkins
99
What family did John Hawkins come from?
family of shipbuilders
100
What did Hawkins do to benefit England?
built up navy
101
How was Hawkins a successful privateer?
raided Spanish ports and ships
102
What did Hawkins do in 1562?
seized West African slaves from Portuguese
103
Why was Hawkins a respected military leader?
commander against Spanish Armada
104
john hawk....
...tuah
105
What did Frances Drake bring to England?
£200 million
106
When was Drake knighted?
1581
107
What did Drake do in 1572?
captured £40,000 worth of silver from Spanish ships
108
What name did Drake receive after 1572?
El Draque
109
What does El Draque mean?
the dragon
110
When was Drake knighted?
1580
111
When did Drake's circumnavigation begin?
1577
112
How much treasure did Drake bring back from his circumnavigation?
£400,000
113
How much did Elizabeth receive as an investor in the circumnavigation?
£200,000
114
How much was the £200,000 compared to Elizabeth's annual salary?
more than total salary for year
115
How much did Drake receive for his circumnavigation?
£10,000
116
Where was Drake knighted?
on Golden Hind
117
How much did Drake bring to England in total?
£200 million
118
Why was Drake the best explorer?
brought £200 million to England
119
Where did Elizabethans explore?
The West
China
The East
Empires
120
Which European countries dominated with their empires?
Spain and Portugal
121
What did Spain and Portugal develop as a result of their empires?
transatlantic slave trade
122
How did Spain get the empires?
defeating local people
123
Where did Spain have their colonies?
Central and South America
124
What products did Spain have access to as a result of their empires?
silver
gold
tobacco
tomatoes
potatoes
125
Where did Portugal have their colonies?
India
Brazil
West Africa
126
What did Portugal have access to as a result of their empires?
sugar plantations
cotton plantations
West African slave trade
127
When did Christopher Columbus discover the New World?
1492
128
Who found Newfoundland?
John Cabot
129
When did John Cabot find Newfoundland?
1497
130
Who funded John Cabot in 1497?
Henry II
131
What did Amergio Vespucci discover in 1498?
new continent
132
When did Amergio Vespucci discover South America?
1498
133
Who funded Amergio Vespucci's discovery of South America?
King of Portugal
134
Who completed the first Circumnavigation?
Ferdinand Magellan
135
When did Ferdinand Magellan complete the first Circumnavigaiton?
1522
136
Where did the North West Passage aim to reach?
China
137
Why was the North West Passage impractical?
North Canada - icy
138
How many times did Martin Frobisher fail the North West Passage?
3 times
139
When did Martin Frobisher first attempt the North West Passage?
1576
140
When did Humphrey Gilbert fail the North West Passage?
1580s
141
When did John Davis fail the North West Passage?
1580s
142
How did James Lancaster reach the East?
used Cape of Good Hope
143
What inspired James Lancaster to use the Cape of Good Hope?
Portuguese explorers
144
When did James Lancaster reach India and the spice islands?
1590s
145
What was created after James Lancaster reached India and the spice islands?
East India Company
146
Which navigator sailed round the Cape of Good Hope?
Bartholomew Diaz
147
What did Bartholomew Diaz prove?
sail round Cape of Good Hope without falling off earth
148
When did Bartholomew Diaz sail round the Cape of Good Hope?
1487
149
When did Vasco de Gama reach India?
1498
150
How did Vasco de Gama reach India?
round Cape of Good Hope
151
What did the discovery of sailing round the Cape of Good Hope mean for Elizabethans?
did not need to pass through Ottoman Empire
152
How did avoiding the Ottoman Empire benefit Elizabethans?
avoided trade / merchant taxes
153
When was the first colonisation of Virginia?
1584
154
When was the second colonisation of Virginia?
1587
155
What happened to the first colonists of Virginia?
disappeared
156
What effect did the colonisation of Virginia have on Spain?
undermined Spain
157
What did the colonisation of Virginia provide English with?
base to attack Spanish colonies
158
What did the colonisation of Virginia provide the locals with?
alternative to Spanish domination
159
How did the colonisation of Virginia create economic opportunities?
encouraged trade links
160
How did the colonisation of Virginia encourage trade links?
removed dependence on European traders
161
What new products did the colonisation of Virginia provide England with?
tobacco
sugar
162
What did the colonisation of Virginia mean for England?
base of Empire
163
Why was Virginia named Virginia?
honour the virgin Queen
164
When was the Muscovy Company created?
1555
165
When was the Eastland Company formed?
1579
166
When was the Levant Company formed?
1581
167
When was the East India Company formed?
1600
168
Which trading company traded furs and timber with Russia?
Muscovy Comapny
169
What did the Muscovy Company trade with Russia?
furs and timber
170
Which country did the Muscovy Company trade with?
Russia
171
Which trading company traded timber, tar, canvas and rope with Scandinavia?
Eastland Company
172
What did the Eastland Company trade with Scandinavia?
timber, tar
canvas, rope
173
Which country did the Eastland Company trade with?
Scandinavia
174
Which country did the Levant Company trade with?
Mediterranean
175
Which company did the East India Company trade with?
Far East
176
What did the Levant Company trade with the Mediterranean?
currants and dyes
177
Which trading company traded currants and dyes with the Mediterranean?
Levant Company
178
What did the East India Company trade with the Far East?
silks, spices
cotton, tea
179
Which trading company traded silks, spices, cotton and tea with the Far East?
East India Company
180
Which religion believed in the Pope as the head of the Church?
Roman Catholicism
181
Which religion did not believe in the Pope as the head of the Church?
Protestantism
182
What did Catholics believe was necessary to find God?
cardinals, bishops, priests and archbishops
183
How did priests act in Catholicism?
intermediary between God and people
184
How did the Catholic Church help people?
communicate with God
185
What language were Catholic services given in?
Latin
186
Who could forgive sins in Catholicism?
the Church
God
187
What occurred in Catholicism when eating the bread and drinking the wine?
transubstantiation
188
What did Catholics believe about the bread and wine?
literal body and blood
189
What did priests have to wear in Catholicism?
vestments
190
What priests forbidden from doing in Catholicism?
marriage
191
How did Churches honour God in Catholicism?
highly decorated
192
Why were Catholic churches highly decorated?
honour God
193
How many sacraments are there according to Catholicism?
seven sacraments
194
What language were Protestant services given in?
own language
195
Who forgave in Protestantism?
only God
196
What did Protestants believe about the wine and bread?
purely representative
197
What did priests wear in Protestantism?
normal clothes
198
Were priests allowed to marry in Protestantism?
allowed if they wished
199
What were Protestant Churches like?
simple
200
Why were Protestant Churches simple?
not to distract from worship
201
How many sacraments did Protestants believe in?
2 sacraments
202
Which 2 sacraments did Protestants believe in?
baptism and marriage
203
Why did Henry VIII want to divorce Catherine of Aragon?
failed to produce male heir
204
Why was Henry VIII excommunicated?
Pope Clemenceau VII did not agree to divorce
205
Why did Pope Clemenceau excommunicate Henry VIII?
pressure from Charles V, Holy Roman Empire
206
How was Charles V, Holy Roman Empire related to Catherine of Aragon?
nephew and aunt
207
What caused the reformation of monastries?
money for wars
want for male heir
208
How did Henry VIII become Supreme Head of Church of England?
Act of Supremacy
209
What did the Act of Supremacy make Henry VIII?
Supreme Head of the Church of England
210
What religion was Elizabeth?
Protestant
211
What did Elizabeth dislike?
- candles
- images of saints
- bow during communion
212
What did Elizabeth understand?
enjoyment of celebrations and ceremonies
213
What did Elizabeth understand about Catholic countries?
powerful countries
214
Give examples of Catholic nations
French
Scotland
Spain
215
What did Elizabeth recognize?
potential rebellion
216
When was the Religious Settlement issued?
8th May 1559
217
What were the three sections to the Religious Settlement?
Act of Supremacy
Act of Uniformity
Royal Injuctions
218
How did the Act of Uniformity affect the appearance of the Church?
defined special clothing for priests
219
How did the Act of Uniformity affect the form of services?
everyone must attend Church on Sundays and Holy days
220
What punishment was there for not attending church on Sundays or holy days?
fined one shilling
221
What did the Act of Uniformity re-introduce?
Book of Common Prayer
222
How did the delivery of the Book of Common Prayer change due to the Act of Uniformity?
delivered in English
223
What did the Act of Uniformity ban?
Catholic mass banned
224
How did clergy have to speak as a result of the Act of Uniformity?
use wording as given in services
225
How did the unclearness of the wording by the clergy as a result of the Act of Uniformity benefit both religions?
Catholics - literally
Protestants - representative
226
What would clergy face if they did not use wording as given?
face punishment
227
What were the Royal Injunctions?
1. follow act of supremacy and injunction
2. worship God Elizabeth's way
3. religious services in English
228
What did the Royal Injunctions act as?
set of instructions issued on behalf of Elizabeth
229
Who issued the Royal Injunctions on behalf of Elizabeth?
William Cecil
230
Who were the Royal Injunctions issued to?
clergy
231
Who was William Cecil?
Secretary of State
232
What did the Royal Injunctions aim to do?
reinforce Acts
233
What did the Royal Injunctions discuss?
images
pilgrimages
234
What did the Royal Injunctions decide about images?
allowed
235
Why were images allowed by the Royal Injunctions?
keep familiar look
236
Why did Puritans dislike images?
Bible banned
- praying before idols sinful
237
What did the Royal Injunctions decide about pilgrimages?
accepted
238
How did Catholics feel towards pilgrimages?
important
239
How did Protestants feel towards pilgrimages?
superstition
240
When was the Northern Rebellion?
1569
241
Which rebellion happened in 1569?
Northern Rebellion
242
When was the Ridolfi plot?
1571
243
Which plot happened in 1571?
Ridolfi plot
244
When was the Throckmorton plot?
1583
245
Which plot happened in 1583?
Throckmorton plot
246
When was the Papal bull?
1570
247
Which plot happened in 1586?
Babington plot
248
When did the Babington plot happen?
1586
249
What events led to the Ridolfi plot?
papal bull
religious settlement
250
What events led to the Babington plot?
papal bull
religious settlement
251
What events led to the Throckmorton plot?
papal bull
religious settlement
252
What events led to the northern rebellion?
Mary Queen of Scots return to England
253
Who was involved in the Ridolfi plot?
Duke of Norfolk
Pope
Spanish Ambassador
Ridolfi
Mary Queen of Scots
Philip II
254
Who was involved in the Babington plot?
Anthony Babington
255
Who was involved in the Throckmorton plot?
Sir Francis Throckmorton
Duke of Guise
256
Who was involved in the northern rebellion?
Norfolk
Northumberland
Westmorland
Dudley
Throckmorton
257
What was the plan for the Ridfolfi plot?
Netherlands invade combined with Northern Rebellion
Elizabeth murdered
MQS replace
258
What were the outcomes of the Ridolfi plot?
Spanish ambassador exiled
law passed
Norfolk executed
Ridolfi escaped
259
Which law was passed following the Ridolfi plot?
person removed from line to throne if know about a plot/involved
260
What was the basic plan for the Babington plot?
assassinate Elizabeth
replace with MQS
261
What were the consequences of the Babington plot?
MQS trial and execution
262
What was the basic plan for the Throckmorton plot?
assassination
French invasion and Northern uprising
263
What were the consequences of the Throckmorton plot?
Throckmorton executed
MQS escaped
Bond of Association
264
What was the aim of the Bond of Association?
deter assassination attempts
265
What happened during the Northern rebellion?
illegal Catholic mass
marched South
266
Where did the northern earls hold illegal Catholic mass?
Cathedral of Durham
267
What were the consequences of the Northern rebellion?
Queen reorganized council of North
268
What happened to the earls involved in the Northern rebellion?
Westmorland escaped
Northumberland beheaded
Norfolk executed
269
What caused the Northern Rebellion?
Elizabeth refused marriage between MQS and Norfolk
269
Where did the Catholic threats come from?
jesuits
college at douai
europe
269
What was the college at Douai?
seminary
270
What was the aim of the college at Douai?
convert England - counter reformation
271
How did the college at Douai plan to convert England?
train priests as missionaries to spread faith
272
When did the missionaries from Douai first arrive?
1574
273
Who was in charge of the College at Douai?
Cardinal William Allen
274
Who recommended Cardinal William Allen?
Prince Philip II
275
What was Cardinal William Allen involved with?
Throckmorton plot
Spanish Armada
276
When did the Jesuits first arrive?
1580
277
What was the aim of the Jesuits?
counter reformation
278
How did Elizabeth respond to the jesuits?
1585 act against seminary priests and Jesuits
279
What effect did the 1585 act have on the jesuits?
driven out of England
executed
280
What was the punishment for people who sheltered jesuits?
arrested
281
How did France and Spain pose a Catholic threat?
supported challenges to Elizabeth's rule
282
How did Spain support challenges to Elizabeth's rule?
- College at Douai
- supported Jesuits
- financial support
- Spanish Armada
283
How did France support challenges to Elizabeth's rule?
- supported Jesuits
- financial support
284
What did Edmund Campion aim to do?
counter reformation
285
What did Edmund Campion do?
walked to Rome alone - join Jesuits in 1573
286
How was Edmund Campion punished?
hung drawn quartered
put on rack
287
How did Elizabeth respond to catholic threats in 1571?
introduced Recusancy fines
illegal rosary beads
288
What were the Recusancy fines introduced in 1571?
catholics who did not take part in protestant services fined
289
How did Elizabeth respond to catholic threats in 1581?
increased Recusancy fines
high treason to convert to Catholicism
290
How did Recusancy fines change from 1571 to 1581?
increased to £20
strictly enforced
291
How did Elizabeth respond to catholic threats in 1585?
new law
any priest ordained after 1559 considered a traitor
292
Which law was introduced in 1585 in response to catholic threats?
legal to kill anyone who attempted to assassinate Queen
293
How did Elizbeth respond to catholic threats in 1593?
statue of confinement
294
What was the statue of confinement?
restricted catholics to only moving within 5 miles of their home
295
Give examples of puritans who challenged the religious settlement
Edmund Grindal
John Stubbs
Robert Browne
296
How did Robert Browne pose a puritan challenge to the religious settlement?
set up catholic congregation in Norwich
297
How was Robert Browne punished?
imprisoned
298
How did John Stubbs pose a puritan challenge to the religious settlement?
wrote pamphlet criticising Elizabeth
299
How was John Stubbs punished?
hand cut off
300
How did Edmund Grindal pose a puritan challenge to the religious settlement?
practiced prophesying
301
How was Edmund Grindal punished?
house arrest for last seven years of life
302
What did Archbishop of Canterbury do in 1566?
gave guidance on vestments in Book of Advertisements
303
How did the Archbishop of Canterbury deal with the puritan threat?
invited priests to exhibition
sacked those who did not attend (37/110)
304
How did Elizabeth deal with the puritan challenge surrounding crucifixes?
backed down as bishops threatened to resign
305
How did puritans disagree with Elizabeth about the religious settlement?
hoped for more reforms to follow
clergymen going against religious settlement
306
How did Elizabeth attempt to slow down the rate of enclosure?
Act on Husbandry and Tillage in 1598
307
When was the Act of the Relief of the Poor amended?
1601
308
What raw materials were the poor provided with?
hemp
wool
wood
iron
309
What is House of Industry?
workhouse
310
How was the 1601 poor law successful?
remained in use for 200 years
no rebellion caused
311
How was the 1601 poor law unsuccessful?
harsh punishments
poverty continued
312
What were the features of punishment in the 1601 poor law?
whipping 'till his back be bloody'
House of Correction
galley warships
hanging
