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PSYC255 > Chapter 2 (MT1) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (MT1) Flashcards

Nervous System Anatomy (62 cards)

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1
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The nervous system’s fundamental potential to physically or chemically modify itself in response to a changing environment and to compensate for age-related changes and injury

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2
Q

Anatomical organization of nervous system

A

Nervous system
- CNS (Brain and spinal cord)
- PNS (Somatic, Autonomic, and Enteric nervous system)

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3
Q

Functional organization of CNS

A

Mediates behaviour
Recieving, processing, and responding to stimuli
(brain and spinal cord)

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4
Q

Functional organization of somatic nervous system

A

Transmits sensation and produces movement
(cranial and spinal nerves)

Carrying sensory info to CNS and transmits motor instructions that produce movement

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5
Q

Functional organization of autonomic nervous system

A

Balances internal functions
Sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming)

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6
Q

Functional organization of enteric nervous system

A

Controls the gut
Mesh of neurons embedded in the gut
Mostly operates autonomously

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7
Q

Describe flow of neural information

A

Afferent (sensory, towards the CNS)
Efferent (motor, exits the CNS)

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8
Q

Anterior (frontal/rostral)

A

Towards the front of animal/head

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9
Q

Caudal (posterior)

A

Towards the tail

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10
Q

Coronal (section)

A

Cut on vertical plane (ear to ear)
Reveals a frontal view

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11
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back of a four legged animal

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12
Q

Horizontal (section)

A

Along the horizon
Reveals a dorsal (over top) view

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13
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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14
Q

Lateral

A

Towards the side of the body or brain

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15
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

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16
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back

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17
Q

Sagittal (section)

A

Lengthwise from front to back of the skull
Reveals medial (from side) view

Midsagittal - right down the middle

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18
Q

Superior

A

Above

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19
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the belly of four legged animal
Human brain nuclei - below

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20
Q

Surface features of the brain

A

Longitudinal fissure
Precentral gyrus
Central fissure
Postcentral gyrus
Superior temporal gyrus

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21
Q

Layers protecting the brain

A

(Brain)
Pia mater
Subarachnoid space (filled with CSF)
Arachnoid membrane
Dura mater
(Skull)

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22
Q

What does the meninges contain

A

Pia mater
Arachnoid membrane
Dura mater

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23
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Executive functions like decision making and voluntary movement

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24
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Directing movements towards a goal
Sensory perception and integration

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25
Temporal lobe
Hearing, language, and musical abilities Facial recognition, emotional processing
26
Occipital lobe
Visual scene processing
27
Gyrus and sulcus (brain)
Gyrus = bump Sulcus = crack Really deep sulcus = fissure
28
Three major arteries in the brain
Anterior cerebral artery Middle cerebral artery Posterior cerebral artery
29
Stroke
Artery blockage/break likely leads to death of the affected region The sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severely reduced blood flow
30
Gray matter vs White matter
Grey matter - predominantly cell bodies and blood vessels, within grey matter neurons collect and modify info before sending it along White matter - predominantly axons (fat-sheathed (myelinated) nerve fibers), form longer distance connections between/among neurons
31
Ventricles in brain
(Lateral) ventricles, wing-shaped cavities filled with CSF
32
Roles of the CSF
Suspends brain (makes it lighter) Shock absorption Provides stable environment for brain function (chemical content of CSF is regulated)
33
Corpus callosum
Contains 200 million nerve fibers that join the two hemispheres and allow them to communicate
34
How are neurons connected to eachother?
By fibers known as axons
35
Tract and nerve
Tract - collection of nerve fibers in brain and spinal cord that run along each other (within CNS) Nerve - collection of nerve fibers that run along each other (outside CNS)
36
What does the brainstem contain
Hindbrain Midbrain Diencephalon
37
What does the brainstem do?
Receives afferent signals coming in from senses, and sends efferent signals to the spinal cord to control (virtually) all movements
38
Parts of the hindbrain What does the hindbrain do?
Cerebellum, pons, medulla, reticular formation Controls motor functions ranging from breathing to balance to fine movements
39
What does relative size of cerebellum increase with?
Physical speed and dexterity of species
40
Reticular formation
Netlike mixture of neurons and nerve fibers
41
What do the pons and medulla do?
Contain substructures that control many vital body movements Nuclei in pons receive inputs from cerebellum and form a bridge to the rest of the brain At rostral tip of spinal cord, medulla's nuclei regulate vital functions (breathing, cardiovascular)
42
Parts of the midbrain What does the midbrain do?
Sensory component (tectum) is dorsal, and motor structure (tegmentum) is anterior Tectum receives sensory information from eyes and ears, tegmentum composed of nuclei with movement related functions
43
Superior and inferior colliculus (midbrain)
Process sensory info and produce orienting movements (related to sensory info)
44
Red nucleus (midbrain)
Controls limb movements
45
Substatia nigra
Connects to forebrain, important in initiating movements
46
Periaqueductal gray matter (midbrain)
Contains circuits that control species-typical behaviour
47
Parts of the diencephalon What does the diencephalon do?
Hypothalamus and thalamus Integrates sensory and motor info on its way to the cerebral cortex (the "between brain")
48
Hypothalamus
Controls the bodies production of hormones (interacts with pituitary gland)
49
Thalamus
"Relay station" Organizer/integrator of sensory information travelling to cerebral cortex from sensory systems
50
Largest and most recently evolved region of the mammalian brain?
Forebrain
51
Parts of the forebrain What does the forebrain do?
Cerebral cortex (neocortex and allocortex) Allocortex - hippocampus and amygdala Basal ganglia (Limbic system = allocortex/subcortical structures) Cerebral cortex regulates a host of mental activities Basal ganglia controls voluntary movement and has a role in cognitive functioning
52
Neocortical layers
6 layers of gray matter - different levels have different cell types, density of cells, and difference of appearance
53
Cytoarchitectonic map
Map of neocortex based on organization, structure, and distribution of cells (Brodmann)
54
Neocortical layer IV
Thick in sensory cortex Thin in motor cortex Sensory input (afferent)
55
Neocortical layers V and VI
Thick in motor cortex Thin in sensory cortex Output to other parts of the brain (efferent)
56
Basal ganglia
Collection of nuclei that lie in the forebrain below white matter of cortex Controls voluntary and involuntary movement
57
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
58
Spinal nerves
8 cervical nerves 12 thoracic nerves 4 lumbar nerves 5 sacral nerves
59
Law of Bell and Magendie
Observation that posterior/dorsal spinal cord is sensory and anterior/ventral is motor in vertebrates Posterior = afferent Anterior = efferent
60
Sympathetic system (ANS)
Arouses body for action 'Fight or flight'
61
Parasympathetic system
Relaxes the body 'Rest and digest'
62
The brain and ENS connect extensively through the ANS, especially via what nerve?
Vagus nerve

PSYC255 (12 decks)

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