Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Gross Anatomy & Kinesiology Lecture > Chapter 2. (Neuromuscular Fundamentals) > Flashcards

Chapter 2. (Neuromuscular Fundamentals) Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are 2 major types of fiber arrangements

A

-parallel + pennate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

> What are 5 categories for PARALLEL muscles

A
  • Flat:
  • Fusiform:
  • Strap:
  • Radiate:
  • Sphincter or circular:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an ex. for FLAT muscle

A

-external oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an ex. for FUSIFORM muscles

A

-bicep brachialis (spindle-shaped)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

> What is an ex. for STRAP muscles

A
  • Sartorius (to be cross legged): from hip to knee diagonally
  • > more uniform in diameter, all fibers arranged in long parallel manner
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an ex. of a RADIATE muscle

A

-pectoralis mjor (triangular/fan-shaped, combined of FLAT and FUSIFORM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an ex. of a sphincter/circular muscles

A

-Orbicularis Oris (surrounding mouth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 3 categories for PENNATE muscles

A

-Unipennate (fibers run obliquely on 1 side)
-Bipennate (fibers run obliquely on both sides)
?-Multipennate (several tendons with fibers running diagonally-all directions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an example of a MULTIPENNATE muscle

A

-deltoid

tendons with fibers running diagonally between each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

> What are 4 muscle tissue properties

A
  • irritability
  • contractility
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between extensibility and elasticity

A
  • Extensiblity: muscle can go back to its original length following CONTRACTION
  • Elasticity: muscle can turn to its original length following STRETCHING (has collagen)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define Extrinsic muscles

A

-muscles that originate outsie of (proximal to) body part

= ex. forarm muscles attach prox. on distal humerus and insert on fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is innervation

A

-to supply by nerve (providing stimulus to muscle fibers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Origin is __ attachment and Insertion is ___ attachment

A
  • proximal (least movable)

- distal (most movable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

> Isometric contraction is best for which type of exercises?

A

stationionary exercises

they are STATIC contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

> What are 2 types of Isotonic muscle contraction

A
  • Concentric: shortening (under tension)

- Eccentric: lengthening (under tension)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

> What is isokinetcs

A
  • a type of dynamic exercise using Concentric/eccentric muscle contractions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which muscle is the PRIME mover; main muscle in action)

A

Agonist muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

IMPORTANT**

>What are Synergists??

A

-ASSIST in action of Agonist=assist in Refined movement & smooths out undesired motions

*not necessarily prime mover
Ex. Branchialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

> What is another word for Antagonist muscles and what is its function

A

Contralateral muscles;

-works together with agonist by Relaxing + allowing movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

> What are 4 methods of DETERMINING muscle ACTION?

A
  1. anatomical dissection
  2. palpation
  3. models
  4. EMG (electromyograph)
  5. electrical stimulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is “Lines of Pull”? ex. BICEPS BRACHII

A

Where fiber pulls= that is where muscle moves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Every muscle fiber is supplied by a ____ which, when an appropriate stimulus is provided, results in a ___

A
  • somatic motor neuron

- muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 5 levels of control that a stimulus may be processed by the CNS

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • cerebellum
  • brain stem
  • spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the function of the cerebellum
-balance and coordination: also regulation of tone
26
>What are 2 important nerve groups in the PNS
- cranial nerves (12-brain) | - spinal nerves (spine)
27
*Cranial nerves 1, 2, and 8 are in charge of what?
-Sensory
28
*Cranial nerves 3,4,5,11,12 are in charge of what?
-Motor; work on eye
29
>*Cranial nerves 5,7,9,10 are in charge of what?
-Sensory & Motor function
30
Cranial nerve 1:
Olfactory (sensory)
31
Cranial nerve 2:
Optic (sensory)
32
Cranial nerve 3:
Oculomotor (motor)= 3 finger scanning with eyes
33
Cranial nerve 4:
Trochlear (motor)= looking up
34
Cranial 5:
Trigeminal (sensory and motor)= put sweat off of face
35
Cranial 6:
Abducens (motor) = hands/eyes to the side
36
Crainal 7:
Facial (sensory and motor)= "facial spiders"
37
Cranial 8:
Vestibulocochlear (Sensory/Accoustic Nerve)= 4 fingers on each ear
38
Cranial 9:
Glossopharyngeal (motor and sensory)=put fingers on throat/ pharynx
39
Cranial 10:
Vagus (motor and sensory)= put hands crossed on chest *only nerve that comes down below your neck
40
Cranial 11:
Accessory (motor)
41
Cranial 12:
Hypoglossal (motor)= make "stars with ahnds and point 2 fingers at tongue
42
How many spinal nerve pairs?
31 pairs
43
``` How many nerves: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal ```
``` C- 8 T-12 L-5 S-5 Coccygeal-1 ```
44
Which Nerves in? Cervical Plexus: Branchial Plexus: (sensory and motor)
C1-C4 | C5-T1
45
Cervical nerves 5-8 and Thoracic nerve 1 form the ___ and supplies ____ &____ function to the upper extremity and sacupla
- Brachial plexus | - motor and sensory function
46
Which nerves in? Lumbar plexus: Sacral Plexus:
L1-L4 | L5-S4
47
The Lumbosacral Plexus consists of ALL ____, ____ & ____ nerves which sypplies sensation and motor function to lower trunk, lower extremity, and perineum
Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal
48
*What is the muscle spindle sett off by?
speed
49
*What are proprioceptors and what is their function?
* *internal receptors located in skin, joints,muscles & tendons which provide: - feedback relative to tension - length - contraction state of muscle - position of body and limbs - movements of joints
50
*What are 2 types of proprioceptors specific to muscles?
- muscle spindles | - GTO (golgi tendon organs)
51
Define Kinesthesis
-awareness of position & movement of body in space
52
*What are PACINIAN CORPUSCLES ? Function? How is it activated?
- An encapsulated RECEPTOR found in deep layers of the skin (around joint capsules, ligaments etc.) that senses vibratory pressure and touch Function: provides feedback regarding location of body in space following quick movements (ex.jumping) Activated briefly: by rapid changes in joint angle & pressure changes affecting capsule
53
*Is the Pacinian Corpuscle effective in detecting constant pressure?
No, just pressure CHANGES affecting capsule, for a brief time.
54
What is Meissner's corpuscles Krause's endbulbs
(skin-subcutaneous and touch) | -located in skin and important in receiving stimuli from TOUCH
55
Can Proprioception be enhanced through specific training?
Yes!!
56
What is the All or none Principle
-regardless of number, individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will either fire & contract maximally or not at all
57
*When muscle is fully ____, there is most ____
-lengthened -tension Greatest amount of tension can be developed when a muscle is stretched between 100% to 130% of its resting length
58
When muscle is _contracting__ (concentrically or eccentrically) the _____ is significantly related to the amount of ___
- the rate of length change | - force potential
59
When contracting ___ against a light resistance, muscle is able to contract at a _HIGH VELOCITY__
-concentrically
60
Fast eccentric develops most ___
-tension
61
*Active insufficiency?
has shortened to the point where it cannot develop sufficient tension
62
*Passive insufficiency?
has lengthened to the point where it cannot generate sufficient tension

Gross Anatomy & Kinesiology Lecture (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions