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AP Psychology > Chapter 2 Neuroscience and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Neuroscience and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

dendrites

A

receive messages

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2
Q

soma

A

(cell body) maintains health of the neuron

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3
Q

terminal branches

A

form junctions with other cells

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4
Q

axon

A

carries message

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5
Q

myelin sheath

A

covers the axon and helps speed impulse

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6
Q

action potential

A

a neural impulse

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7
Q

depolarization

A

positive ions enter the neuron, making it more prone to fire action potential

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8
Q

hyperpolarization

A

when negative ions enter the neuron, making it less likely to fire an action potential

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9
Q

threshold

A

minimum intensity

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10
Q

refractory period

A

recharging time after an action potential

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11
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

pumps positive ions out from the inside of the neuron, making them ready for an action potential

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12
Q

resting potential

A

neuron is at rest and ready to fire

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13
Q

all-or-none principle

A

if a neuron fires it will always fire at the same intensity

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14
Q

synapse

A

junction between the axon tip and a dendrite

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15
Q

synaptic gap (cleft)

A

tiny, fluid filled gap

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16
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that travel across the synapse

can influence whether the next neuron will generate an action potential or not

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17
Q

reuptake

A

when neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into sending neuron

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18
Q

excitatory effect

A

a neurotransmitter effect that makes it more likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential

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19
Q

inhibitory effect

A

a neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential

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20
Q

acetylcholine

A

enables muscle action, learning, and memory

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21
Q

dopamine

A

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

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22
Q

serotonin

A

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

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23
Q

norepinephrine

A

helps control alertness and arousal

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24
Q

GABA

A

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

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25
glutamate
a major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory
26
agonists
acts like a neurotransmitter, mimics
27
antagonist
blocks neurotransmitter
28
receptor cells
specialized cells that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials that the nervous system can process
29
neurons
basic building block of the nervous system | receive, carry, and pass information on to the next neuron
30
sensory neuron
nerves that carry info to the CNS
31
interneurons
nerves cells in the CNS that process info related to sensory input and motor output
32
motor neurons
nerves that carry info FROM the CNS
33
glial cells
non-neural cells that support neurons by providing nutrition
34
neural chain
skin receptors - sensory info - interneurons - motor neurons - skin receptors
35
peripheral nervous system
sensory and motor nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body divided into somatic and autonomic
36
somatic nervous system
control's the body's skeletal muscle
37
autonomic system
controls the glands and muscle of internal organs; controls breathing, blood, and digestive processes (sympathetic/parasympathetic)
38
sympathetic system
arouses the body to deal with perceived threats (inhibits digestion, secrete epinephrine)
39
parasympathetic system
calms the body (stimulates digestion)
40
endocrine system
"slow" communication system carried out by hormones synthesized by a set of glands
41
hypothalamus
controls pituitary gland (controls growth) that secretes endorphins (regulates pain response)
42
thyroid gland
regulates growth and metabolism and secretes thyroxine
43
parathyroid
regulates level of calcium in blood
44
adrenal glands
increase blood pressure and heart rate during times of stress releases adrenaline
45
pancreas
controls how the body uses sugar (releases insulin)
46
hormones
chemicals secretes in the bloodstream
47
phrenology
incorrect (Franz Gall) suggested that bumps on the skull represented mental abilities
48
brain lesion
destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors
49
electroencephalogram (EEG)
recording the electrical waves sweeping across the brain's surface
50
PET Scan
a visual scan of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose
51
MRI Scan
uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images that distinguish brain tissue
52
brain's plasticity
brain's ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness
53
left hemisphere
logic, learning, language
54
right hemisphere
expressive and creative tasks
55
brain stem
connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord, where messages switch sides (pons, medulla, mid brain)
56
hindbrain
pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
57
pons
major pathway for motor and sensory info, coordinates voluntary movement
58
medulla oblongata
regulates involuntary movement in the body
59
cerebellum
processes sensory input, movement and balance, fine motor (little brain behind stem)
60
midbrain
connects sensory input to simple motor output, contains Reticular Formation that regulates levels of alertness
61
thalamus
relay station for all senses except smell and routes it to the proper brain regions
62
limbic system
EMOTIONAL CONTROL CENTER | hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
63
hypothalamus
governs the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (thirst hunger)
64
amygdala
emotional response and aggression
65
hippocampus
process memory and decides if short term memory should become long term
66
frontal lobe
HIGHER LEVEL OF THINKING | motor cortex, Broca's area, prefrontal cortex
67
motor cortex
controls voluntary movement
68
Broca's area
LEFT hemisphere only, speech production
69
prefrontal cortex
mediate conflicting thoughts, make choices, govern social control
70
parietal lobe
receives sensory input for touch and body position | somatosensory cortex, angular gyrus
71
somatosensory cortex
registers and processes TOUCH and movement sensations
72
angular gyrus
transforms visual representation into auditory code
73
occipital lobe
receives visual information from the opposite field
74
temporal lobe
HEARING | auditory cortex, wernicke's area
75
auditory cortex
receives information from the ear
76
wernicke's area
interprets BOTH written and verbal speech in the LEFT hemisphere
77
corpus callosum
band of nerve fibers between two hemispheres of the brain that carries messages

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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