chapter 2 "Normal Aspects of Articulation"

Question 1

what consists of an organized set or system of sounds that are used to convey meaning?

Answer 1

speech

Question 2

What includes the collection of words that are used in phrases and sentences and the grammar rules of the language that we use to create phrases and sentences?

Answer 2

language

Question 3

What two perspective can speech sounds be viewed?

Answer 3

1. motor production (speech)

2. units that facilitate the expression of meaning (language)

Question 4

What are sounds called that are studied as part of the language system? (these help to derive a speakers meaning)

Answer 4

phonemes

Question 5

What? is the minimal sound elements that represent and distinguish language units

Answer 5

morphemes or words

Question 6

which is more detailed: phonemic or phonetic transcriptions?

Answer 6

phonetic

Question 7

A phonetic transcription is sensitive to ______ variation within a phoneme class.

Answer 7

sound. An example: allophone

Question 8

what is an allophone?

Answer 8

numerous sets of distinct sounds, some of which may belong to the same phoneme family. (example pop…the initial /p/ sounds different than the final /p/)

Question 9

phonemic transcription are enclosed in …..

phonetic transcriptions are enclosed in….

Answer 9

( / / )

[ }

Question 10

what are the 2 types of allophonic variations?

Answer 10

complementary distribution

free variation

Question 11

what is complementary distribution?

Answer 11

two (or more) allophones never occur in exactly the same phonetic environment.

Question 12

what is free variation?

Answer 12

when they occur in the same phonetic context. ( Pop will have an aspirated initial /p/ and the final /p/ can be aspirated or not)

Question 13

Phonemes are combined to produce meaningful units called…

Answer 13

morphemes (words)

Question 14

Meaning that is ascribed to individual words is called….

Answer 14

semantics

Question 15

describe the process from the information-processing model of verbal formulation and utterance production.

Answer 15

cognitive

1. syntactic and semantic
2. phonologic
3. phonetic (communicates to working memory)
4. motor control (communicates to working memory)
5. auditory

Question 16

information at the cognitive level is used to make decision at what levels?

Answer 16

semantic and syntactic

Question 17

what is semantic level sometimes referred to as?

Answer 17

lexicalization

Question 18

what is the second stage in the information-processing model?

Answer 18

phonologic (word’s sound pattern)

Question 19

What level is after phonologic in the information-processing model?

Answer 19

phonetic

Question 20

what are the two kinds of processing involved in utterance production?

Answer 20

controlled (this makes demands on working memory)

automatic (does not require working memory)

Question 21

Are syntactic, semantic and phonological processing automatic or controlled?

Answer 21

automatic

Question 22

what are the 6 principle organs and/or subsystems used int speech production?

Answer 22

1. respiratory system
2. larynx (vocal fold vibrations)
3. velopharynx (separates oral and nasal cavities)
4. tongue
5. lips
6. jaw

Question 23

What system controls the speech process controlled?

Answer 23

nervous system

Question 24

what is the basic function of the respiratory system in speech?

Answer 24

push air into the airway composed of the larynx and the oral and nasal cavities.

Question 25

what is the basic function of the larynx?

Answer 25

regulate airflow to create voiced and voiceless segments.

Question 26

The articulators are comprised of what 4 parts?

Answer 26

1. tongue 2. lips 3. jaw 4. velopharynx

Question 27

Articulation is a matter of lengthening, ______ and ______ the vocal tract.

Answer 27

shortening and constricting

Question 28

what is phonology?

Answer 28

the study of how sounds are put together to form words and other linguistic units

Question 29

what is acoustic phonetics?

Answer 29

the study of of the relationship between articulation and the acoustic signal of speech

Question 30

what is articulatory phonetics?

Answer 30

the study of how the articulators make individual sounds.

Question 31

what is speech perception?

Answer 31

the study of how phonetic decisions are made from the acoustic signal.

Question 32

is the vocal tract open or closed during vowels?

Answer 32

open

Question 33

What are vowels sometimes called?

Answer 33

syllable nuclei

Question 34

Vowel production ccan be described by specifying the position of what two articulators?

Answer 34

tongue and lips

Question 35

Vowels in English are described as either being ______ or ________.

Answer 35

rounded | unrounded

Question 36

What are the two major dimensions within the oral cavity that the tongue moves when producing speech?

Answer 36

front-back | high-low

Question 37

Are tense vowels longer or shorter in duration ?

Answer 37

longer

Question 38

Are English vowels voiced or voiceless?

Answer 38

voiced and nonnasal

Question 39

Can English vowels be described as devoiced?

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

What are the 3 major characteristics of a vowel?

Answer 40

1. tenseness/laxness 2. lip configuration 3. tongue position

Question 41

what are diphthongs?

Answer 41

also known as a gliding vowel, refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable.

Question 42

Many clinicians regard diphthongs as a combination of two vowels. What are the names?

Answer 42

onglide | offglide

Question 43

What are distinctive features?

Answer 43

a set of binary features designed to describe the phonemes in all languages.

Question 44

According to the Chomsky-Halle system, what are the 3 major class features of a voiced vowel?

Answer 44

1. sonorant 2. vocalic 3. consonantal

Question 45

Is the vocal tract open or closed during consonant production?

Answer 45

partially or complete closure

Question 46

What are the 3 classifications for consonants?

Answer 46

1. manner 2. placement 3. voicing

Question 47

Describe fricative

Answer 47

narrow constriction, creates a noisy sounds as it rushes through a narrow passage way.

Question 48

Describe Affricate

Answer 48

complete closure followed by a brief fricative (combination of stop and fricative segments)

Question 49

Describe Nasal

Answer 49

complete oral closure | open velopharyngeal port

Question 50

Describe the lateral /l/

Answer 50

sound escapes laterally

Question 51

Describe rhotic /r/

Answer 51

tongue is turned back ("ray")

Question 52

Describe a glide

Answer 52

"semi-vowel". | These sounds are followed by a vowel

Question 53

What is a cognate?

Answer 53

when sounds differ only in voicing (/p/ and /b/)

Question 54

do allophones change word meaning?

Answer 54

no.

Question 55

When working with children we need to be aware of their speech ______

Answer 55

patterns

Question 56

What are the 4 parts of the tongue?

Answer 56

1. tip 2. blade 3. dorsum 4. root