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IGCSE Biology > Chapter 2: Organisation of the organism > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Organisation of the organism Flashcards

1
Q

Name the parts of animal cells.

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria

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2
Q

Name the parts of plant cells.

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplasts (some)

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3
Q

Name the parts that both plant and animal cells have in common.

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria

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4
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A

A partially permeable layer that forms a boundary around the cytoplasm

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5
Q

State the function of the cell membrane.

A

Prevents cell contents from escaping

Controls what substances enter and leave the cell.

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6
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

A jelly-like substance with particles and organelles in.

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7
Q

State the function of cytoplasm.

A

Contains cell organelles, e.g mitochondria and nucleus

Site of chemical reactions

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8
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

A circular or oval structure containing the DNA in the form of chromosomes.

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9
Q

State the function of a nucleus.

A

Controls cell division

Controls cell development

Controls cell activities

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10
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

A circular, oval or slipper-shaped organelle.

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11
Q

State the function of a mitochondria.

A

Responsible for aerobic respiration.

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12
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

A small, circular structure attached to membranes or lying free.

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13
Q

State the function of ribosomes.

A

Protein synthesis

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14
Q

What is a cell wall?

A

A tough, non-living layer made of cellulose surrounding the cell membrane

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15
Q

State the function of cell wall.

A

Prevents plant cells from bursting

Allows water and salts to pass through (freely permeable)

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16
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

A fluid-filled space surrounded by a membrane.

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17
Q

State the function of vacuole.

A

Contains salts and sugars

Helps to keep plant cells firm

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18
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

An organelle containing chlorophyll

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19
Q

State the function of chlorophyll.

A

Traps light energy for photosynthesis.

20
Q

Name the parts of bacterial cells.

A

cytoplasm
cell membrane
circular DNA
plasmids
ribosomes
cell wall

21
Q

What are plasmids?

A

small, circular pieces of DNA

22
Q

State the function of plasmids.

A

contain genes that carry genetic information to help process of the survival and reproduction of the bacterium

23
Q

What is the circular DNA?

A

a single circular chromosome

24
Q

State the function of circular DNA.

A

controls cell division

controls cell development

controls cell activities

25
Q

How are new cells produces?

A

new cells are produced by division of
existing cells

26
Q

State the function of ciliated cells.

A

movement of mucus in the
trachea and bronchi

27
Q

How is the ciliated cell adapted for its function?

A

They have tiny cytoplasmic ‘hairs’, called cilia, that are in a continual flicking movement which creates a stream of fluid that carries dust and bacteria through the bronchi and trachea, away from the lungs.

28
Q

State the function of root hair cells.

A

absorption

29
Q

How is the root hair cell adapted for its function?

A

They have hair-like projections on each cell that penetrates between the soil particles and offers a large absorbing surface.

30
Q

State the function of palisade mesophyll cells.

A

photosynthesis

31
Q

How is the palisade mesophyll adapted for its function?

A

They are columnar and packed with chloroplasts to trap light energy

32
Q

State the function of nerve cells.

A

conduction of electrical impulses

33
Q

How is the nerve cell adapted for its function?

A

These cells are long (to cover more distance) and have branched connections at their ends to connect to other neurones and form a network throughout the body.

34
Q

State the function of red blood cells.

A

transport of oxygen

35
Q

How is the red blood cell adapted for its function?

A

Their shape is a biconcave disc (a disc that’s squashed in the centre) — this gives a large surface area for absorbing oxygen.

They contain a red pigment called haemoglobin. This substance allows red blood cells to carry oxygen.

They don’t have a nucleus — this allows more room to carry oxygen.

36
Q

State the function of sperm and egg cells.

A

gametes

37
Q

How is the sperm cell adapted for its function?

A

A sperm cell has a long flagellum (tail) and a streamlined head to help it swim to the egg.

It has lots of mitochondria in the middle section to provide the energy (from respiration) needed to swim this distance.

It has enzymes in its ‘head’, which are needed to digest through the membrane of the egg cell. These enzymes are stored in the acrosome.

38
Q

How is the egg cell adapted for its function?

A

An egg cell is adapted to nourish the embryo because it is large and contains nutrients in the cytoplasm to feed the embryo.

CGP Books. New Cambridge International GCSE Biology Complete Revision & Practice - for exams in 2023 & beyond (p. 13). Kindle Edition.

39
Q

Define cell.

A

The most basic level of organisation

40
Q

Define tissue.

A

A group of cells with similar structures working together to perform a shared function

41
Q

Define organ.

A

A structure made up of a group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

42
Q

Define organ system.

A

A group of organs with related functions working together to perform a body function.

43
Q

Define organism

A

A living thing that has an organised structure, can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, adapt and maintain homeostasis.

44
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

magnification = image size ÷ actual size

45
Q

How many micrometers are there in a milimeter?

A

1000 micrometers

46
Q

How many micrometers are there in a centimetre?

A

10 000 micrometers

47
Q

How many micrometers are there in a metre?

A

1 000 000 micrometers

IGCSE Biology (21 decks)

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