Chapter 2, part 1

Question 1

Which type of glial cell produces chemicals needed for neurons to fulfill their functions and helps control substance concentrations in the nearby extracellular fluid?

Answer 1

Astrocytes.

Question 2

Which two areas of the neuron can terminal buttons attach to to form synapses?

Answer 2

The soma membrane and the dendritic membrane.

Question 3

Describe which parts of the body the central nervous system is encased in.

Answer 3

Bones of the skull and the spinal cord.

Question 4

What is the name of the inner wrinkled membrane inside of mitochondrias where many of the biochemical steps of energy extraction from nutrients take place?

Answer 4

Cristae

Question 5

What is the matrix formed of microtubules and other protein fibers that forms a cohesive mass and gives cells their shape?

Answer 5

Cytoskeleton.

Question 6

What insulates most axons from one another and is made up of 80% lipid and 20% protein?

Answer 6

Myelin sheath.

Question 7

Which chemical either excites or inhibits the receiving cell to determine if an AP occurs in its axon?

Answer 7

Neurotransmitters.

Question 8

What is the name of the bare portion of the axon between segments of myelin sheath?

Answer 8

Nodes of Ranvier.

Question 9

What is an organelle produced by the golgi apparatus that breaks down substances no longer needed by the cell?

Answer 9

Lysosomes.

Question 10

What does the bulk of the cell consist of that fills the space outlined by the cell membrane?

Answer 10

Cytoplasm

Question 11

A given oligodendrocyte can produce up to how many segments of myelin sheath?

Answer 11

50 segments.

Question 12

What special protein causes a chemical reaction to take place without becoming a part of the final product themselves?

Answer 12

Enzymes.

Question 13

Which glial cell acts as a representative of the immune system by protecting the brain from invading microorganisms?

Answer 13

Microglia

Question 14

What is the name of the type of cell that is the information-processing and information transmitting element of the nervous system?

Answer 14

Neuron (nerve cell)

Question 15

The principal function of which glial cell is to provide support to axons and produce the myelin sheath?

Answer 15

Oligodendrocytes.

Question 16

What is considered to be the most important supporting cell of the nervous system?

Answer 16

Neuroglia.

Question 17

Light, sound waves, odors, and contact with objects become information gathered from the environment by specialized cells called what?

Answer 17

Sensory neurons.

Question 18

What bud at the end of divisions of axons forms synapses with other neurons and sends information to other neurons?

Answer 18

Terminal buttons.

Question 19

The name of the basic message carried by axons from the cell body to the terminal buttons is called the what?

Answer 19

Action potential.

Question 20

From which cell do neurons receive most of their nutrients from?

Answer 20

Astrocytes.

Question 21

Which cells surround neurons and hold them in place, controlling their supply of nutrients and some of the chemicals they need to exchange messages with other neurons?

Answer 21

Glial cells

Question 22

Movements are accomplished by the contraction of muscles, which are controlled by what?

Answer 22

Motor neurons.

Question 23

What receives a copy of genetic information stored at that given cell and causes production of particular proteins?

Answer 23

mRNA

Question 24

What small structures are involved in protein synthesis?

Answer 24

Ribosomes.

Question 25

What are the four structures most commonly found in neurons?

Answer 25

Soma (cell body), axon, dendrites, and terminal buttons.

Question 26

Which part of the neuron carries information from the cell body to the terminal buttons?

Answer 26

Axon.

Question 27

Which type of neuron exists entirely within the CNS between other neurons?

Answer 27

Interneurons.

Question 28

In which type of neuron is rise given to one axon and one dendritic tree at opposite ends of the soma?

Answer 28

Bipolar neurons.

Question 29

What is it called when substances move from the soma to the terminal buttons in axoplasmic transport?

Answer 29

Anterograde axoplasmic transport.

Question 30

What contains the organism's genetic information and can be found in chromosomes?

Answer 30

DNA.

Question 31

What is responsible for the production of ribosomes?

Answer 31

Nucleolus.

Question 32

What is it called when substances from from the terminal buttons to the soma in axoplasmic transport?

Answer 32

Retrograde axoplasmic transport.

Question 33

Define synapse.

Answer 33

A junction between the terminal buttons of neurons where messages between neurons are passed.

Question 34

What part of the neuron serves to receive messages from other neurons?

Answer 34

Dendrites.

Question 35

Which division of the nervous system consists of parts encased by the bones of the skull and spinal column?

Answer 35

Central Nervous System.

Question 36

What is the name of the molecule that is of prime importance to cellular energy and whose breakdown liberates energy?

Answer 36

ATP

Question 37

What special form of endoplasmic reticulum serves as the location where complex molecules are created?

Answer 37

Golgi apparatus.

Question 38

Describe where the peripheral nervous system is found and what it is comprised of.

Answer 38

Outside of the bones of the skull and spinal cord; consists of the nerves and most sensory organs.

Question 39

What provides neurons in the central nervous system with chemical isolation from the rest of the body?

Answer 39

Blood brain barrier.

Question 40

What is formed of a double membrane and is responsible for extracting energy from nutrients?

Answer 40

Mitochondria

Question 41

Describe the action potential.

Answer 41

A brief electrical/chemical event that starts at the end of the axon next to the cell body and travels toward the terminal buttons.

Question 42

What is the name of the protein with legs and feet that attaches to the molecule being transported down the axon?

Answer 42

Kinesin

Question 43

Which type of interneurons form circuits with nearby neurons and analyze small pieces of information?

Answer 43

Local interneurons.

Question 44

Name the three most important types of glial cells.

Answer 44

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.

Question 45

What is the active process by which substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon?

Answer 45

Axoplasmic transport.

Question 46

In which type of neuron does the somatic membrane give rise to one axon and the trunks of many dendritic trees?

Answer 46

Multipolar neuron.

Question 47

During which process does a container of material migrate to the inside of the outer membrane, fuse, and then burst to spill its contents into the fluid surrounding the cell?

Answer 47

Exocytosis.

Question 48

What secretes neurotransmitters when reached by an action potential from down the axon?

Answer 48

Terminal buttons.

Question 49

What is the name of the process by certain astrocytes where cells engulf and digest other cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration?

Answer 49

Phagocytosis

Question 50

Which type of neuron detects touch, temperature changes, and sensory events affecting the skin?

Answer 50

Unipolar neurons.

Question 51

What part of the neuron contains the nucleus and much of the machinery that provides for the life processes of the cell?

Answer 51

Soma (cell body)

Question 52

What is the name of the long slender tube often covered by a myelin sheath?

Answer 52

Axon.

Question 53

What are the smallest of the glial cells that act as phagocytes and engulf and break down dead and dying neurons?

Answer 53

Microglia

Question 54

Which glial cell serves as the nerve glue that also surrounds and isolates synapses to limit neurotransmitter dispersion?

Answer 54

Astrocytes.

Question 55

What protein is responsible for carrying substances from the terminal buttons to the soma in retrograde axoplasmic transport?

Answer 55

Dynein.

Question 56

What proteins direct chemical processes of cells by controlling chemical reactions?

Answer 56

Enzymes.

Question 57

What is the most common type of neuron found in the CNS?

Answer 57

Multipolar neuron

Question 58

Messages passed from neuron to neuron are sent over a junction between terminal buttons called the what?

Answer 58

Synapse.

Question 59

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes?

Answer 59

Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 60

Which type of neuron is usually sensory and detects events occurring in the environment?

Answer 60

Bipolar neurons.

Question 61

Which type of neuron usually communicates information about events occurring in the environment to the CNS?

Answer 61

Bipolar neuron.

Question 62

Which type of interneurons connect circuits of local interneurons in one region of the brain with those in other regions?

Answer 62

Relay interneurons.

Question 63

Which type of glial cell provides physical support to neurons and cleans up debris within the brain?

Answer 63

Astrocytes.

Question 64

What is defined as the sequence of nucleotide bases on the chromosomes that provide the information needed to synthesize all the proteins that can be produced by a particular organism?

Answer 64

The genome.

Question 65

What consists of long strands of DNA and can be found in the nucleus?

Answer 65

Chromosomes.

Question 66

What defines the boundary of the neuron and is made up of a double layer of lipids?

Answer 66

Membrane.

Question 67

Which division of the nervous system is found outside of the bones of the skull and the spinal cord and consists of the nerves and most sensory organs?

Answer 67

Peripheral Nervous System.

Question 68

Which cells insulate neurons from one another so that neural messages aren't scrambled and recycle dead neurons?

Answer 68

Glial cells.

Question 69

Which type of neuron has only one stalk, which leaves the soma and divides into two branches a short distance away?

Answer 69

Unilateral neuron.

Question 70

What are bundles of thirteen protein filaments arranged around a hollow core that make up a cytoplasm?

Answer 70

Microtubules.

Question 71

What is enclosed by the nuclear membrane and contains the nucleolus and the chromosomes?

Answer 71

Nucleus.

Question 72

Which endoplasmic reticulum provides channels for the segregation of molecules involved in various cellular processes and is where lipid molecules are produced?

Answer 72

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 73

What serves as a storage reservoir and as a channel for transporting chemicals through the cytoplasm?

Answer 73

Endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 74

What is the name of the process by which a cell secretes its products?

Answer 74

Exocytosis

Question 75

What, when active, causes production of mRNA?

Answer 75

Chromosomes.

Question 76

What is always the same size and direction and is received at full strength even when split at the axon branches?

Answer 76

Action potential

Question 77

Describe the one direction that communication at a synapse proceeds in.

Answer 77

Communication proceeds from the terminal button to the membrane of the other cell.

Question 78

What is a form of RNA that does not encode protein but has functions of its own?

Answer 78

non-coding RNA (ncRNA)

Question 79

Which type of neuron detects events in our joints, muscles, and internal organs?

Answer 79

Unipolar neurons.