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Physiology of Behavior > Chapter 2, part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2, part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What cells in the PNS perform the same function as oligodendrocytes in producing myelin sheath and supporting axons?

A

Schwann cells

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2
Q

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes with what function?

A

Digesting dead and dying axons

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3
Q

Describe the difference between the CNS and the PNS when new axons are formed?

A

In the PNS, reborn axons reestablish connections with previously served structures. In the CNS, they encounter scar tissue and cannot do the same.

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4
Q

The immune system of someone with MS attacks the myelin protein produced by which cell?

A

Oligodendrocytes of the CNS

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5
Q

What is the name of the barrier between the blood and fluid that surrounds the cells of the brain?

A

Blood brain barrier.

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6
Q

The walls of what structures in the brain constitute the blood brain barrier?

A

Capillaries

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7
Q

What regulates the chemical composition of extracellular fluid of the brain and prevents chemicals from reaching the brain that would interfere in transmission of messages between neurons?

A

Blood brain barrier.

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8
Q

Which part of the brain controls vomiting?

A

Area Postrema.

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9
Q

Which region of the medulla is where the BBB is weak and where poisons can be detected in order to initiate vomiting?

A

Area postrema.

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10
Q

What is the term for the communication between neurons?

A

Synaptic transmission.

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11
Q

Define electrodes.

A

Electrical conductors that provide a path for electricity to enter or leave a medium.

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12
Q

What are electrical conductors that provide a path for electricity to enter or leave a medium called?

A

Electrodes.

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13
Q

Define microelectrode.

A

A very small electrode that can be made of metal or glass.

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14
Q

What is a very small electrode that can be made of metal or glass called?

A

Microelectrode.

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15
Q

Can glass conduct electricity?

A

No.

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16
Q

Define membrane potential.

A

The electrical charge across a cell membrane; the difference in electrical potential inside and outside of the cell.

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17
Q

What is defined as the electrical charge across a cell membrane?

A

Membrane potential.

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18
Q

Define oscilloscope.

A

A laboratory instrument that is capable of displaying a graph of voltage as a function of time on the face of a cathode ray tube.

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19
Q

What is a laboratory instrument that is capable of displaying a graph of voltage as a function of time on the face of a cathode ray tube?

A

Oscilloscope.

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20
Q

Define the resting potential.

A

The membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.

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21
Q

What is the membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by post synaptic potentials called?

A

Resting potential

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22
Q

What is it called when a positive charge is applied to the inside of a membrane and some of the membrane potential is reduced?

A

Depolarization.

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23
Q

Define depolarization.

A

Reduction of the membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential (towards 0, from -70).

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24
Q

Define action potential.

A

The brief electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduction of information along an axon.

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25
Q

What is the name of the phenomenon of the very rapid reversal of the membrane potential?

A

Action potential.

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26
Q

What is it called when a membrane potential of a neuron becomes more polarized than normal immediately after the threshold of excitation has been breached?

A

Hyperpolarization.

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27
Q

Define the threshold of excitation.

A

The value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce an action potential.

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28
Q

What is the value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce an action potential?

A

Threshold of excitation.

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29
Q

What is the name of the process by which molecules distribute themselves evenly throughout the medium in which they are dissolved?

A

Diffusion

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30
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

An aqueous solution of a material that ionizes, namely a soluble acid, base, or salt.

31
Q

Define an electrolyte.

A

An aqueous solution of a material that ionizes, namely, a soluble acid, base, or salt.

32
Q

What is a charged molecule called?

A

Ion

33
Q

Define ion.

A

A charged molecule.

34
Q

Define cation.

A

A positively charged ion.

35
Q

Define anion.

A

A negatively charged ion.

36
Q

Do particles of the same kind of charge attract or repel each other?

A

Particles of the same charge repel each other.

37
Q

What is the attractive or repulsive force between atomic particles called?

A

Electrostatic pressure

38
Q

What moves molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration?

A

Diffusion

39
Q

What moves ions from place to place based on attraction or repulsion of charges?

A

Electrostatic pressure

40
Q

What is the fluid within cells called?

A

Intracellular fluid

41
Q

What is the fluid outside of cells called?

A

Extracellular fluid

42
Q

What is produced by a balance between the forces of diffusion and electrostatic pressures?

A

Membrane potential

43
Q

Name the four ions found in the varying cellular fluids.

A

Organic anions, chloride ions, sodium ions, and potassium ions.

44
Q

What is an organic anion?

A

A negatively charged protein and intermediate product of the cell’s metabolic processes.

45
Q

What is a negatively charged protein and intermediate product of the cell’s metabolic processes called?

A

Organic anion

46
Q

Which of the four important ions are only found in the intercellular fluid?

A

Organic anion

47
Q

Which of the four important ions are found in the extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium, potassium, and chloride ions.

48
Q

Organic anions can leave the inside of the neuron, true or false?

A

FALSE: organic anions cannot pass through the membrane of the axon.

49
Q

Potassium ions tend to be found on the inside or outside of the axon membrane?

A

Potassium ions tend to be concentrated in the membrane of the axon more than on the outside.

50
Q

Chloride ions tend to be found on the inside or outside of the axon memrane?

A

Chloride ions tend to be concentrated outside of the axon membrane more than on the inside.

51
Q

Sodium ions are found in greater concentrations inside or outside of the cell?

A

Sodium ions are found in greater concentrations outside of the cell.

52
Q

How many sodiums are pushed out of the pump for how many potassiums pushed in?

A

Three sodium ions are pushed out for every 2 potassium ions pushed in through the sodium potassium pump.

53
Q

What is the name of the protein found in the membrane of all cells that extrudes sodium ions from and transports potassium ions into the cell?

A

Sodium-potassium transporter.

54
Q

Sodium potassium transporters manage keeping the intracellular concetration low of which ion?

A

Sodium ions

55
Q

Describe the process of an action potential.

A
  1. Brief increase in permeability of cell membrane to sodium, sodium rushes into cell.
  2. Brief permeability of cell to K+, K+ rushes out of cell.
56
Q

What is an ion channel?

A

A specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave cells.

57
Q

What is a voltage dependent ion channel?

A

An ion channel that opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential.

58
Q

What is an ion channel that opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential?

A

Voltage dependent ion channel.

59
Q

What is referred to as the movement of the message down the axon?

A

The conduction of the action potential.

60
Q

What is another way to describe the conduction of the action potential?

A

The movement of the message down the axon.

61
Q

What is the name of the basic law of axonal conduction?

A

The all-or-none law.

62
Q

Describe the all-or-none law.

A
  1. An action potential either occurs or does not occur; once it is triggered, it is transmitted down the axon to its end.
  2. An action potential always remains the same size, without growing or diminishing.
  3. When an AP reaches a point where the axon branches, it splits but does not diminish in size.
63
Q

A single AP is not the basic element of information; rather, what?

A

Variable information is represented by an axon’s rate of AP production.

64
Q

What is the rate law?

A

The principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the rate at which that axon fires (or creates AP).

65
Q

What is a decremental conduction?

A

A gradual decrease in the stimuli and response along a pathway of conduction; it occurs in nerve fibers with reduced membrane potentials.

66
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Conduction of action potentials by myelinated axons. The action potentials appear to jump from one node of Ranvier to another.

67
Q

What is it called when action potentials are conducted along myelinated axons?

A

Saltatory conduction.

68
Q

Define synaptic transmissions.

A

The transmission of messages from one neuron to another through synapses.

69
Q

Define post synaptic potentials.

A

Changes in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron, produced by liberations of neurotransmitters at the synapse; either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.

70
Q

Define binding site.

A

The location on a receptor protein to which a ligand binds.

71
Q

What is the location on a receptor protein to which a ligand bind called?

A

The binding site.

72
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A chemical that attaches, or fits into, a binding site.

73
Q

What is a chemical called that attaches or fits into a binding site called?

A

Ligand.

74
Q

What are the names of the three types of synapses?

A

Axodendritic, axosomatic, and axoaxonic.

Physiology of Behavior (5 decks)

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