CHAPTER 2 (PART 2) Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
basic living, structural and functional unit of the body
A
cell
2
Q
study of cell structure and cell physiology
A
cytology
3
Q
disc shaped cell
A
Red blood cell
4
Q
threadlike extension cell
A
nerve cells
5
Q
toothpicks shaped cell
A
smooth muscle cell
6
Q
cubelike cells
A
epithelial cell
7
Q
forms the cell’s outer boundary
A
cell membrane
8
Q
separates the cell from the environment
A
cell membrane
9
Q
selective barrier that surrounds and contain cytoplasm of the cell
A
cell membrane
10
Q
determines the kinds and amount of substances passing into and out of the cell
A
cell membrane
11
Q
acts as gatekeepers to certain molecules and ions
A
proteins
12
Q
acts as barrier to certain substances
A
lipids
13
Q
made up of phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids
A
lipid bilayer
14
Q
polar heads are __
A
hydrophilic
15
Q
Fatty acid and tails of phospholipids are ___
A
hydrophobic
16
Q
aka transmembrane proteins
A
integral proteins
17
Q
attached to the inner or outer surface of the membrane but do not extend through it
A
peripheral protein
18
Q
helps the cell recognize each other, adhere to one another and be protected from digested by enzymes
A
glycocalyx
19
Q
membrane proteins with carbohydrate group attached that protrudes into the extracellular fluid
A
glycoproteins
20
Q
serves to stabilize the membrane and reduce membrane fluidity
A
Cholesterol
21
Q
sugary coating surrounding the membrane made up of carbohydrate
A
glycocalyx
22
Q
lipid composition of the cell membrane
A
membrane fluidity
23
Q
combined concentration and electrical gradient are called the
A
electrochemical gradient
24
Q
all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
A
cytoplasm
25
difference in concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane
concentration gradient
26
electrical gradient is aka
membrane potential
27
difference between inside and outside of cell
electrical gradient
28
intracellular fluid that contains inclusions and dissolved solutes
cytosol
29
organized units of living substances in cell having specific functions in the cell
organelles
30
lifeless accumulation of metabolites or cell products such as stored protein CHON
Inclusions
31
site of many chemical reactions that provide the building blocks for cell maintenance, structure, function and growth
cytosol
32
network of protein filaments throughout cytosol
cytoskeleton
33
composed of actin and function in movement and mechanical support
microfilaments
34
composed of several different proteins and functions in support and to help anchor organelles such as nucleus
intermediate filaments
35
composed of protein called tubulin and help determine cell shape and function in the intracellular transport of organelles and the migration of chromosome during cell division
microtubules
36
network membrane in the shapes of flattened sacs or tubules
endoplasmic reticulum
37
connected to the nuclear envelope, a series of flattened sacs, surface is studded with granular ribosomes and produces various proteins
rough endoplasmic reticulum
38
network of membrane tubules, does not have ribosomes, synthesizes fatty acid and steroids, detoxifies certain drugs, produces lipids
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
39
powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
40
mitochondrial membrane that has narrow folds of the inner membrane and use to increase the efficiency of the organelle in generating energy
cristae
41
mitochondrial membrane that is smooth, outer part and a large fluid like cavity
matrix
42
site of ATP production in the cell by catabolism of nutrient molecules
mitochondria
43
vesicles from the golgi complex that contains powerful digestive enzymes
lysosomes
44
smaller than lysosomes, detoxify several toxic substances such as alcohol and is abundant in liver
peroxisomes
45
continuously destroy unneeded, damaged or faulty proteins found in the cytosol and in the nucleus
proteosomes
46
this structure is a specialized portion of endoplasmic reticulum and includes an array of parallel membranes and vesicles w/o ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
47
discovered golgi apparatus in 1898
Camilo golgi
48
site of accumulation and concentration of secretory products of cell synthesis
golgi apparatus
49
modifies, sorts and package proteins for transport to different destinations
golgi complex
50
dense aggregations of RNA and proteins usually attached in ER
ribosomes
51
located near the nucleus, consists of two centrioles and pericentriolar material
centrosome
52
numerous hair-like structure extended from the surface of a cell and functioning to move the materials across surface of the cell
cilia
53
longer than cilia, used to move an entire cell; sperm
flagella
54
serves as center for organizing microtubules in the interphase cells and mitotic spindle during cell division
centrioles
55
special zone of cytoplasm containing centrioles
centrosome
56
control center of the cell
nucleus
57
contains chromosomes. each of which consist of single molecule of DNA and associated proteins
nucleus
58
genetic material; blueprint that contains all the instructions needed for building the body
Deoxyribonucleic acid
59
controls both biochemical reaction that occurs in the cell and the reproduction of the cell
nucleus
60
membrane that is composed of 2 layers with a small space between them
nuclear membrane
61
jelly-like fluid that is enclosed by the nuclear membrane; it is where the nucleoli and chromatin are suspended
nucleoplasma
62
potential avenues of exchange between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm
pores
63
peacemaker of the cell; site where rRNA is synthesized and ribosome sub units are assembled
nucleolus
64
consists of segment of a large DNA molecule; units of heredity
Gene
65
double membrane that separates the nucleus from cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
66
long molecules of DNA combined with protein molecules (histones)
chromosomes
67
a complex of macromolecules composed of DNA, RNA and protein
Chromatin
68
primary protein components of chromatin that help to organize DNA into beadlike structures called nucleosomes by providing a base of which DNA can be wrapped around
Histones
69
involves transcription and translations; determines physical and chemical characteristics of the cell
protein synthesis
70
process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA
transcription
71
process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein
translation
72
process by which cells reproduce themselves.
cell division
73
cell division that results in the production of sperm and eggs is called
reproductive cell division
74
two chromosomes that make up each pair in cell division
homologous chromosomes (homologs)
75
cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events in which a body cell duplicates its contents and divides into two
somatic cell division
76
somatic cells contain two sets of chromosomes are called
diploid cells
77
cell is not dividing, and cell replicates its DNA
interphase
78
cytoplasmic division
cytokinesis
79
nuclear division
mitosis
80
distribution of two sets of chromosomes, one set into each of two separate nuclei
mitosis
81
chromatin fibers condenses and shortens, change into chromosomes
prophase
82
the centromeres line up at the exact center of the mitotic spindle, a region called the metaphase plate or equatorial plane
metaphase
83
chromatid pairs split at the centromere and move to opposite poles of cell; the chromatids are now called chromosomes
anaphase
84
two identical nuclei are formed around the identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles of the cell uncoil and revert to their threadlike chromatin form, new nucleoli appears, and the mitotic spindle eventually breaks up
telophase
85
reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads that produces gametes with half the number of the chromosomes
meiosis
86
gametes contains a single set of 23 chromosomes
haploid cells
87
average adult has nearly __ cells
100 trillion
88
there are about __ different types of cells
200
89
permits organization of cells into more complex tissues and organs
cellular diversity
90
diseases process that is involving our cells; cancer
homeostatic imbalance
91
group diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation
cancer
92
cells that divide without control develop into a __
tumor or neoplasm
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cancer that arise from epithelial cells
carcinoma
94
cancerous of growth of melanocytes
melanoma
95
cancer arise from muscle cells or connective tissues
sarcoma
96
cancer of blood forming organs
leukemia
97
cancer of lymphatic tissue
lymphoma
98
process where cancer cells leaves their site of origin and travel to other tissues or organs
metastasis
