Chapter 2 part 3: tissues Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
scientific term
group of cells that are similar in structure and function
A
tissues
2
Q
name the four primary tissue types
A
epithelial
connective
nervous
muscle tissue
3
Q
name the general functions for epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle tissues
A
covering
support
control
movement
4
Q
T or F:
most organs contain similar tissues
A
falsy
usually they contain several tissue types
5
Q
T or F:
most organs contain several types of tissues
A
truey weuy
6
Q
name three body locations of nervous tissues
A
brain
spinal cord
nerves
7
Q
name the three types of muscle tissues
A
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
8
Q
scientific term
tissues thatform boundaries between different environments and protect and secrete and absorb and filter
A
epithelial
9
Q
generally, where can we find connective tissue
A
bones
tendons
fat and other padding tissue
10
Q
what is the function of epithelial tissues?
A
protection (i.e. lining of rspr tract)
absorption (i.e. digestive system)
filtration (kidney)
secretion (gland)
11
Q
T or F:
epithelial tissues are separate from one another
A
falsy
they fit closely and form sheets
12
Q
T or F:
epithelial tissues fit closely together and form sheets
A
truey wuey
13
Q
T or F:
all epithelial tissues are rich in tight junctions and desmosomes
A
falsy
all of them except glandular tissues
14
Q
T or F:
all epithelial tissues are rich in anchoring junctions and desmosomes except for glandular tissues
A
falsy
tight not anchoring
15
Q
T or F:
all epithelial tissues are rich in tight junctions and desmosomes except for glandular tissues
A
truey
16
Q
the ___ surface is the free surface of epithelial tissues
A
apical
17
Q
the lower surface of epithelial tissue rests on an avascular basement membrane
A
truey wuey
18
Q
T or F:
the apical surface of epithelial tissue rests on an avascular basement membrane
A
falsy
the lower surface
19
Q
T or F:
epithelial tissues regenerate easily
A
truey (IF WELL NOURISHED)
20
Q
what is the function of squamous epithelium?
A
diffusion and filtration
secretion in serous membranes
21
Q
T or F:
Cuboidal epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration
A
falsy
that’s squamous epithelium function
22
Q
T or F:
Cuboidal epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration
A
23
Q
T or F:
squamous epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration
A
truey
as well as secretion in serous membranes
24
Q
which type of epithelium is rare in humans:
A) simple squamous epithelium
B) stratified columnar/cuboidal epithelium
C) stratified transitional epithelium
D) stratified squamous epithelium
A
B
25
T or F:
stratified squamous epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration
falsy
stratified play a role in protection
26
T or F:
simple squamous epithelium plays a role in diffusion and filtration
truey
27
which type of epithelium doesn't exist: (stratified transitional - simple transitional)
simple transitional
28
name the function of stratified transitional epithelium
protection: stretching to accommodate distension of urinary structuresa
29
simple squamous epithelial cells fit tightly and form ___ where ___ and ___ occur
membranes, filtration, diffusion
30
______ epithelial cells fit tightly and form ___ where diffusion and ___ occur
simple squamous, filtration
31
which type of epithelium form the air sacs (Alveoli) of the lungs?
simple squamous epithelium
32
name two locations of simple squamous epithelial tissue
alveoli in lungs; gas exchange
capillary walls; allow nutrients and gases to pass between blood and interstitial fluid
33
T or F:
simple squamous epithelium forms the walls of kidney tubules
falsy walsy
it's simple cuboidal
34
T or F:
simple columnar epithelium forms the walls of kidney tubules
falsy walsy
it's simple cuboidal
35
T or F:
simple cuboidal epithelium forms the walls of kidney tubules
truey
36
what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium in kidney tubules?
secretion and absorption
37
which type of epithelium is found in ducts and glands and what is its function?
simple cuboidal, secretion
38
which type of epithelium is found in ovaries and what is its function?
simple cuboidal, secretion
39
which type of epithelium is found in bronchioles and what is its function?
simple cuboidal: ciliated SCE cells move small particles (debris) and move mucus produced by other cells
40
what is the role of simple cuboidal epithelium cells in bronchioles?
they move small particles (debris) and move mucus produced by other cells
41
which type of epithelium lines the entire digestive tract and what is its function?
simple columnar, absorption and secretion
42
how do simple columnar epithelium cells produce mucus?
the goblet cells in SCE produce lubricating mucus
43
which epithelium has goblet cells that produce lubricating mucus?
simple columnar
44
T or F:
all pseudostratified columnar epitheliums rest on a basement
falsy
not all of them
شويّة بس
45
what makes pseudostratified columnar epi appear as falsy stratified?
some cells are shorter than the others
nuclei are positioned at different heights above the basement membrane
46
what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epi?
secretion and absorption
47
most of the respiratory tract is lined with ____ epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
48
name the epithelium lining each of these groups:
bronchioles
alveoli
nose, trachea, bronchi
simple cuboidal (ciliated)
simple squamous
pseudostratified columnar (ciliated)
49
name the two epi's that have goblet cells
simple cuboidal and pseudostratified columnar
50
differentiate between the function of mucus produced in simple cuboidal vs pseudostratified columnar
1. lubricating: lining the body cavities
2. capturing dust
51
describe the structure of stratified squamous epithelium
squamous cells lining the free edge (roof)
columnar and cuboidal lining the base
52
in stratified squamous epithelium: ___ line the free edge whereas __ line the base
squamous cells, columnar and cuboidal cells
53
where is stratified squamous epithelium found?
areas subjected to friction or abuse (mouth, skin esophagus)
54
what is the function of stratified squamous epi?
protection
55
how is stratified cuboidal epi structured?
typically two layers of cuboidal shaped cells
56
how is stratified columnar epi structured?
surface cells are columnar shaped whereas the inner cells are different shaped
57
T or F:
in stratified columnar epi: surface cells are columnar shaped whereas the inner cells are different shaped
truey
58
T or F:
in stratified cuboidal epi: surface cells are cuboidal shaped whereas the inner cells are different shaped
falsy
replace every "cuboidal" with columnar
59
T or F:
in stratified columnar epi: inner cells are columnar shaped whereas the surface cells are different shaped
falsy
swap inner and surface
60
T or F:
stratified columnar epi is usually made of two layers of columnar cells
falsy
this applies to stratified cuboidal: two cuboidal cells
61
which epi's are rare and are only found in large ducts and glands?
stratified cuboidal and columnar
62
stratified cuboidal and columnar are rare, where are they mostly found?
large ducts and glands
63
___ epi forms the lining of the urinary bladder, ureters and some of the urethra
transitional epithelium
64
what are the basal cells of transitional epi made of?
cuboidal or columnar
65
in transitional epi: basal cells are __ or __ whereas surface cells are ___
cuboidal or columnar, different types of cells
66
during ___, transitional epi thins like a rubber band and surface cells become squamous
stretching (distension)
67
in the absence of stretching, transitional epi is ___ layered and superficial cells are __ shaped
many, dome
68
describe the transitional epi during stretching
many layered, surface cells are dome shaped
69
describe the transitional epi during distension
flattened cells, surface cells become squamous
70
explain how the structure of cells in transitional epi aids in the storing and flowing of urine
the cells slide past each other, they transition and allow ureter to stretch, causing urine to flow or more urine to be stored in the bladder
71
what do gland secretions contain?
protein molecules and aqueous fluids
72
define secretion
it is an active process where glandular cells obtain the needed material from the blood to produce their products and then exocytose them
73
scientific term:
an active process where glandular cells obtain the needed material from the blood to produce their products and then exocytose them
secretion
74
name the two types of glands
exocrine and endocrine
75
T or F:
endocrine glands are ductless
true
76
T or F:
exocrine glands are ductless
falsy
they have ducts
77
T or F:
endocrine glands have ducts
no they do not
78
T or F:
secreted hormones exit endocrine glands through ductd
falsy
they **diffuse** directly into bl.v in glands
79
T or F:
exocrine gland secretions exit by directly diffusing to the bl.v in the gland
falsy
this describes endocrine gland secretions (hormones)
exocrine gland secretions exit through ducts to the surface or a body cavity
80
what is the most abundant tissue in the body?
connective tissue
81
what is the function of connective tissue?
protection
support
binding other tissues together
82
T or F:
connective tissues have a good blood supply everywhere
falsy
except for tendons and ligaments
83
why do tendon, ligament and cartilage injuries heal slowly?
because the connective tissues in tendons and ligaments have poor blood supply, cartilages are avascular
84
why would some rather break a bone than tear a ligament?
because ligaments have poor blood supply so they heal slowly
على خلاف العظام
85
generally, what are connective tissues made of?
different types of living cells
nonliving extracellular matrix
86
name the major connective tissue classes
bone
cartilage
dense connective tissue
loose connective tissue
blood
87
what differentiates one connective tissue from another?
cell types.
fiber types
number of fibers
88
compare bone tissues and adipose tissues in terms of cell types and matrix
1. few cells, large hard matrix
2. mainly made of cells, soft matrix
89
scientific term:
fibers that possess high tensile strength
collagen fibers
90
scientific term:
yellow fibers that can stretch and recoil
elastic fibers
91
scientific term:
fine collagen fibers that make organs like the spleen
reticular fibers
92
how are fibers in connective tissue made?
connective tissue cells produce monomers (fiber building blocks) then excrete them to extracellular space where they form fibers
93
how do connective tissue fibers help organs?
they form a packing tissue, lining the organ and making it withstand stretch and abrasion and able to carry weight
94
generally, what is the ECM in connective tissue made of?
water
cell adhesive proteins
polysaccharide molecules
95
what is the function of cell adhesive proteins in ECM of connective tissues?
they attach cells to the fibers
96
what are polysaccharide molecules and what is their function in ECM of connective tissue?
large and charged particles
they trap the water in the ground substance of ECM, thus controlling consistency of the connective tissue
97
bones are made of cells called ___ sitting in cavities calles __
osteocytes, lucunae
98
what is lucunae in bones surrounded by?
layers of very hard matrix, containing calcium salts and a lot of collagen fibers
99
what is lucunae?
they're cavities in which osteocytes in bones sit
100
how is cartilage constructed? (cells - matrix)
chondrocytes in lucunae
101
name the three types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
102
what is the most abundant type of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
103
describe hyaline cartilages in terms of fibers and matrix
many collagen fibers, in a rubbery matrix, which is glassy and blue-white appearance
104
which type of cartilage forms the trachea?
hyaline cartilage
105
which type of cartilage cover bone ends and joints?
hyaline cartilage
106
the skeleton of a fetus is made largely of _______
hyaline cartilages
107
all hyaline cartilages in a baby eventually are replaced by bones except what?
epiphyseal (growth) plate in long bones, which allow the bone to grow in length
108
scientific term:
highly compressible cartilage forming the cushioning disks between vertebrae in spinal column
fibrocartilages
109
which type of cartilages make up the cushioning disks between vertebrae?
fibrocartilages
110
where can we find elastic cartilages?
ears
111
dense connective tissue is composed primarily of ____ fibers
collagen
112
collagen fibers in dense connective tissue are surrounded by ___
fibroblasys
113
which type of connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments?
dense connective tissues
114
where can we find dense connective tissues?
in tendons and ligaments
in the lower skin layer (dermis)
115
T or F:
loose connective tissues have more cells (fibroblasts) and less fibers than dense connective tissue
truey
116
T or F:
loose connective tissues have less cells (fibroblasts) and less fibers than dense connective tissue
falsy
less cells and less fibers
117
T or F:
loose connective tissues have less cells (fibroblasts) and more fibers than dense connective tissue
falsy
more cells
less fibers
118
T or F:
dense connective tissues have more cells (fibroblasts) and less fibers than loose connective tissue
falsy
swap dense with loose
119
T or F:
dense connective tissues have less cells (fibroblasts) and more fibers than loose connective tissue
truey
120
name the three types of connective tissues
areolar
adipose
reticular
121
what is the most widely distributed type of loose connective tissue in the body?
areolar connective tissue
122
which type of connective tissue acts as a packing tissue which protects and cushions organs
areolar loose connective tissue
123
which type of loose connective tissue acts as a tissue glue? and how?
areolar loose connective tissue. Holds internal organs in their proper positions
124
name the four main functions of loose areolar CT?
packing tissue
tissue glue
reservoir for water and salts
absorbs excess fluid during inflammation
125
how does areolar loose CT act as a packing tissue?
it cushions and protects organs
126
how does areolar loose CT act as a tissue glue?
holding internal organs in their proper positions
127
how does areolar loose CT act as a reservoir?
stores water and salts + provides nutrients + gets rid of excess waste from surrounding tissues
128
what is the role of areolar loose CT during inflammation?
it absorbs excess fluid like a sponge, forming edema
129
what two layers does the lamina propria seperate?
innermost layer of epithelial cells
smooth muscle (muscularis mucosa)
130
from top to bottom, which is the correct order of these layers:
A) muscularis mucosa, epithelial cells, lamina propria
B) lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, epithelial cells
C) muscularis mucosa, lamina propria, epithelial cells
D) epithelial cell, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
C
131
T or F:
adipose connective tissue is a loose connective tissue with many fat cells
truey
132
T or F:
adipose connective tissue is a dense connective tissue with many fat cells
falsy
it's loose
133
T or F:
adipose/fat cells are mostly oil and they push the nucleus to one side
truey
134
name three functions of adipose tissue
1. forms the subcutaneous layer: insulating the body and protection from heat
2. cushions organs (i.e. kidney, eyeballs)
3. store fat in hips, breasts and belly to be used as fuel
135
which type of connective tissue form the stroma (internal framework) of organs, i.e. spleen?
reticular CT
136
what does the stroma contain?
free blood cells (mostly leukocytes called lymphocytes) in lymphoid organs (spleen) and bone marrow
137
how does the stroma serve bone marrow?
the stroma (made of reticular connective tissue) supports free blood cells (mostly lymphocytes) in bone marrow
138
what is the stroma, and where is it found?
stroma is an internal framework of an organ made of reticular connective tissue
can be found in lymphoid organs (spleen) and bone marrow
139
why is the blood considered a connective tissue?
because it's made of living cells (blood cells) and a surrounding matrix (blood plasma)
140
what are the fibers in the blood?
soluble proteins
141
the fibers in blood are soluble proteins and they're only visible during ____
blood clottingT
142
T or F:
the fibers in blood are soluble proteins and they're always visible
falsy
only visible during blood clotting
143
T or F:
the fibers in blood are soluble proteins and they're only visible during blood clotting
truey
144
which muscles can be controlled voluntarily?
skeletal muscles
145
what is the purpose behind skeletal muscle cells being elongated?
to provide a long axis of contraction
146
describe muscle cells in terms of length, shape, number of nuclei and appearance
elongated (to provide long contraction axis)
cylindrical
multinucleated
striations (stripes)
147
describe cardiac cells in terms of length, shape, number of nuclei and appearance
short
branching
single nucleus
striations
148
what is the name of the junction that connect cardiac moskles?
intercalated discs
149
what are intercalated discs?
they are junctions at which cardiac moskles fit tightly together
150
what do intercalated discs contain?
they contain gap junctions (connexons) that allow ions to freely pass between cells
151
what is the purpose of gap junctions/connexons in cardiac cells?
they allow ions to pass freely between cells, so cells form a **functional syncytium** which lets rapid electrical signals to be transmitted across the heart for contraction
152
smooth moskel cells (do - do not) have striations
do not
153
describe smooth moskel cells in terms of striations, nuclei and location
no striations (stripes)
one nucleus
hallow organs
154
which type of moskel tissue is found in blood vessels?
smooth moskel tissue
155
why do we need moskel contraction of smooth moskels in hallow organs?
contractions allow substances to mix or flow through it (stomach, blood vessel)
156
which type of moskel moves the slowest?
smooth moskel
157
scientific term:
a wave-like motion that keeps food moving through the small intestine
peristalsis
158
name the two cells of nervous tissue
neurons, neuraglia
159
what are the two major characteristics of neurons?
irritability and conductivity
160
what is the role of cytoplasmic extensions (dendrites, axons)
allow electric impulses to reach distant parts of the body
161
what are neuraglia?
supporting cells of the nervous system
insulate and support and protect neurons in the brain, spinal cord and nerves
162
injuries trigger the body's tissue repair in two ways, what are they?
regeneration and fibrosis
163
describe what happens in regenration
the destroyed tissues are replaced by the same cells, epithelia and CT regenerate well
164
describe what happens in fibrosis
scar tissue is formed from dense connective tissue
165
T or F:
mature cardiac moskels are repaired by fibrosis
truey
166
T or F:
mature cardiac moskels are repaired by regeneration
falsy
fibrosis
167
differentiate between regeneration and fibrosis
regeneration: destroyed tissues are replaced by the same cells
fibrosis: scar tissue is formed by dense CT
168
which phase of life does the growth of cells by cell division continues?
puberty
169
give two examples of mitotic cells
epithelium cells (can replace lost cells throughout life)
CT (forms repair tissue)
170
give two examples of amitotic cells
moskel cells
nervous cells
171
T or F:
moskel cells are amitotic since birth
falsy
they become amitotic at the end of puberty
172
T or F:
nervous cells are mitotic
falsy
they become amitotic shortly after birth
173
what does abnormal cell division result in?
benign and cancerous neoplasms
174
define hyperplasia
a process of an increase in the **number** of cells in a tissue or an organ which leads to an increase in overall size
175
scientific term:
a process of an increase in the **number** of cells in a tissue or an organ which leads to an increase in overall size
hyperplasia
176
T or F:
hyperplasia is a process of an increase in cell size
falsy
cell number
177
T or F:
hyperplasia is a process of an increase in cell number
truey
178
what causes/triggers hyperplasia?
specific stimuli such as hormones, injury or a specific need for increased cell productionq
179
what is the result of hyperplasia?
an enlarged or **hypertrophied** tissue or organ due to the proliferation of cells
180
give an example of hyperplasia
the enlargment of breast tissue when preggo (due to hormonal changes)
benign prostatic hyperplasia: prostate gland is enlarged usually with aging and hormonal changes
181
what triggere benign prostatic hyperplasia?
aging and hormonal changes
182
scientific term:
a condition where the prostate gland is enlarged usually with aging and hormonal changes
benign prostatic hyperplasia
183
scientific term:
a shrinking or decrease in size of a tissue or an organ due to the reduction of number or size of cells
atrophy
184
define atrophy
a shrinking or decrease in size of a tissue or an organ due to the reduction of number or size of cells
185
name five causes for atrophy
inactivity
low blood supply
malnutrition
aging
medical conditions
186
what does atrophy result in?
decrease in mass and **function** of the affected tissue or organ
187
give an example of atrophy
moskel atrophy in bedridden indivisuals
