Chapter 2 - Plant Classification (PPT)

Question 1

Father of plant classification systems, dating back to 300s B.C.

Answer 1

Theophrastus

Question 2

Theophrastus’ categories for plants

Answer 2

Trees, shrubs, half shrubs, herbs

Question 3

Theophrastus’ plant life cycles

Answer 3

Annuals, Biennials, Perennials

Question 4

Father of MODERN plant classification

Answer 4

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 5

What is modern plant classification based on?

Answer 5

similar morphology

Question 6

Plant nomenclature classification system (in order from top)

Answer 6

• Kingdom
• Division (Phylum in Animal Kingdom)
• Class
• Subclass
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

Question 7

The study of plant classification

Answer 7

taxonomy

Question 8

Plant Classes (end in -ae, name all three)

Answer 8

• Filicinae (ferns)
• Gymnospermae (ginkgoes, cyads, taxads, and conifers)
• Angiospermae (flowering plants)

Question 9

Angiospermae Plant Subclasses (end in -eae, name both)

Answer 9

• Dicotyledoneae (Dicots)

- Monocotyledoneae (Monocots)

Question 10

Dicots: how many cotyledons in a seed? Venation type? Flower parts? Vascular bundles?

Answer 10

• Two cotyledons in a seed
• Net leaf venation
• Flower parts in 4s, 5s or multiples thereof
• Vascular bundles in rings

Question 11

Monocots: how many cotyledons in a seed?
Venation type?
Flower parts? Vascular bundles?

Answer 11

• One cotyledon in a seed
• Parallel leaf venation
• Flower parts in 3s or multiples thereof
• Vascular bundles scattered

Question 12

Plant Orders (end in ales) - name two for dicots, three for monocots

Answer 12

Dicots: Polemoniales & Sirophulariales
Monocots: Liliales, Graminales, & Palmales

Question 13

Plant Families (end in -aceae): what they’re useful for.

Answer 13

-Useful for knowing similarities between plants, think of plants in a family as cousins (ex. squash)

Question 14

Why is taxonomy Latin?

Answer 14

• Universal
• Precise
• Descriptive

Question 15

What does a binomial consist of?

Answer 15

Genus first, then specific epithet/species (ex. Iris sibirica) *species should be italicized

Question 16

natural variation in a species

Answer 16

variety (ex. var. contorta)

Question 17

human-selected and vegetatively propagated and maintained variety

Answer 17

cultiva

Question 18

difference in a species too subtle to be a variety

Answer 18

forma (ex. f. glauca)

Question 19

cultivar that is sexually propagated

Answer 19

Line (ex. genus cross: Rosa x hybrida & species cross: X Fatshedera (Fastsia japonica x Hedero helix))

Question 20

group of similar lines (often just a different flower color)

Answer 20

series

Question 21

cross between two species or general

Answer 21

hybrid (

Question 22

Classification by overwintering adaptation (name the two categories)

Answer 22

• Herbaceous (succulent): soft annual tissues, survive winter below-ground (if at all)
• Woody: hard perennial tissues - survive winter above-ground

Question 23

Classification by growth habit (name the two categories)

Answer 23

• Vines: herbaceous plants that climb or twine up vertical supports
• Lianas: vines that develop woody stems over time

Question 24

Classification by growth habit and size (name the three categories)

Answer 24

• Herbs: herbaceous self-supporting
• Shrubs: woody self-supporting (smaller)
• Trees: woody self-supporting (big)

Question 25

Classification by tolerance to frost or freezing (name the two categories)

Answer 25

- Tender: readily damaged by frost - Hardy: not easily damaged by frost, flower buds usually less hardy than leaf buds, roots may also have diff freeze tolerance

Question 26

By preferred growing temperatures (name the two categories)

Answer 26

- Warm Season: like warm temps (squash, lima beans, sweet potatoes, etc.) - Cool Season: like cool temperatures (broccoli, kale, lettuce, etc.)

Question 27

Classification by water requirements/preferences (name the four categories)

Answer 27

- Hydrophytes: grow in water or in continuously wet soils - Mesophytes: grow in soils that range from wet to dry many times during the year (most horticultural plants) - Xerophytes: adapted to seasonal or persistent drought (cacti, some succulents) - Halophytes: adapted to growing with high salt concentrations (beets, spinach, salt-bush)

Question 28

Classification by soil pH preference (name the two categories)

Answer 28

- Acidophiles (blueberries, rhododendrons, azaleas) | - Basophiles (coltsfoot)

Question 29

Classification by growth pattern/longevity (name the four categories)

Answer 29

- Annuals: seed to seed in one season, then DIES - Winter Annuals: germinate from seed in fall and overwinter before producing seed the next spring and DIE - Biennials: seed to rosette in 1 season; rosette to seed spike in 2nd season then DIES - Perennials: may take several years to reach reproductive maturity; will reproduce seeds annual (under favorable conditions) for multiple years without DYING