Chapter 3 - Plant Structure (PPT)

Question 1

How are plant cells different from other cells? What are the functions of these structures?

Answer 1

• Cell wall: enable plants to be rigid and grow tall

- Chloroplasts: help plants make their own food

Question 2

Meristems (tissue)

Answer 2

• Located at growing points
• Regions of rapidly diving cells
• Responsible for MOST plant growth

Question 3

Meristem (tissue) types

Answer 3

• Apical: located at root or shoot tips
• Intercalary: special type grasses have that allows them to be mowed
• Secondary (vascular cambium): makes tree rings and expands their trunks

Question 4

Epidermis (tissue)

Answer 4

• Like plant skin
• Often covered by waxy cuticle
• In woody plants is eventually replaced by bark on older tissues
• Allows for gas and water exchange through stomata
• May also have trichomes (hairs or spines)

Question 5

Periderm (Bark) (Tissue)

Answer 5

• extra protection
• made from cork cells
• suberin in bark cells repels water

Question 6

Phloem (tissue)

Answer 6

• Vascular tissue that moves food around plants
• LIVING
• Has fibers for strength (think celery)

Question 7

Xylem (tissue)

Answer 7

• Vascular tissue that moves water up through the plant
• DEAD when mature
• Woody parts of plants is old, dead xylem

Question 8

Roots (organ)

Answer 8

• support/anchor the plant

- take up water and nutrients (especially root hairs)

Question 9

Roots (organs) Name three types

Answer 9

-Adventitious roots: arise from organs that are NOT roots, ESSENTIAL for some plant propagation

Types: contractile roots, brace or prop roots, holdfasts of vines

Question 10

Tuberous roots

Answer 10

thickened and fleshy for storage (sweet potato, dahlia)

Question 11

How do you know it’s a root?

Answer 11

NO eyes (buds)

Question 12

Stems (organs)

Answer 12

• have nodes and internodes

- have buds

Question 13

Stems - description

Answer 13

-compressed juvenile stems, most have scales (but some don’t)

• Terminal
• Axillary (lateral)

Question 14

Stems - bud arrangements

Answer 14

• Alternate: 1 bud per node
• Opposite: 2 buds per node
• Whorled: 3+ buds per node

Question 15

Modified Stems (name types)

Answer 15

• Tubers (potatoes)
• Corms (gladiolus, crocus)
• Bulbs (mostly leaves): Tunicate (onion) or Scaly (lily)
• Rhizomes and stolons: horizontal stems
• Runners
• Crown (herbaceous perennials): part of stem near soil surface (can be divided)
• Spur (some fruit trees): short stem where flowers and fruit appear
• Suckers (at the base of the tree)
• Watersprouts (up in canopy)
• Tendrils
• Thorns, spines, & prickles

Question 16

Leaves (organ)

Answer 16

• Usually where photosynthesis takes place

- Blade, Apex, Vein, Mid rib, Petiole, Stipule, Axil

Question 17

Simple Leaves

Answer 17

-the blade is not divided

Question 18

Compound Leaves

Answer 18

The leaf blade is DIVIDED into leaflets

Question 19

Leaf Venation Types

Answer 19

• Pinnate
• Palmate

Compound Leaf Venation examples: palmately compound where each leaf has pinnate venation, pinnately compound where each leaflet has pinnate venation

Question 20

Leaf structure

Answer 20

• Upper Epidermis
• Mesophyll: Palisade layer (spongy)
• Lower Epidermis
• Veins

Question 21

Modified Leaves

Answer 21

-Bracts (right below flower, may be large and colorful)

Question 22

Fall Color Leaves

Answer 22

• Chlorophyll is lost
• Xanthophyll (yellow), carotene (orange) become visible
• Anthocyanins (reds, purples) intensify - especially with sunny days and cool nights

Question 23

Leaf Abscission (falling)

Answer 23

• Shorter days (or stress) triggers

- Suberin forms an abscission layer (seals wound, leaf falls easily)

Question 24

Juvenility

Answer 24

Juvenile plants CANNOT flower - even under the correct conditions

• Juvenile citrus often have thorns
• Juvenile oaks and beeches often hold onto dried leaves throughout winter

Question 25

Phase Change

Answer 25

- Juvenility can last a few weeks to many years | - Triggers: age (weeks to years), size, temperature (usually cool)

Question 26

Flowers (Organs) - Name their parts

Answer 26

- Corolla (all petals) - Calyx (all sepals) - Nectaries

Question 27

Complete vs. Incomplete flowers

Answer 27

Complete: has calyx, corolla, pistil and stamen Incomplete: missing one or more of those parts

Question 28

Perfect vs. Imperfect flowers

Answer 28

Perfect: has both sexual parts (pistil and stamen) Imperfect: has only pistil OR only stamen

Question 29

Regular vs. Irregular flowers

Answer 29

Regular: displays radial symmetry Irregular: displays bilateral symmetry

Question 30

Monoecious vs. Dioecious flowers

Answer 30

Monoecious (one house): plant has male AND female flowers OR perfect flowers Dioecious (two houses): one plant has ONLY male flowers or ONLY female flowers

Question 31

Flower Inflorescence types

Answer 31

Solitary, Spike, Raceme, Panicle, Corymb, Umbel, Compound Umbel, Cyme, Capitulum (composite head)

Question 32

Fruits (Organ)

Answer 32

- ripened ovary and/or associated parts - sometimes called pericarp - has layers: endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp

Question 33

Multiple fruits

Answer 33

- several flowers fuse during ripening - have a core - pineapple, fig, mulberry, beet seeds

Question 34

Aggregate fruits

Answer 34

- several ovaries are produced by one flower | - raspberries, blackberries, strawberries

Question 35

Simple fruits

Answer 35

-two types: fleshy and dry

Question 36

Fleshy fruits - Berry

Answer 36

- berry: tomato, blueberry, eggplant, cranberry (NOT strawberries or raspberries!) - pepo: has a thick, hard rind at maturity (squash, melons) - hesperidium: juicy flesh is segmented, leathery rind (citrus)

Question 37

Fleshy fruits - Dupe

Answer 37

- fleshy, one-seeded fruit with a stony endocarp (pit) - cherry, plum, peach, almond - has an ASS

Question 38

Fleshy fruits - Pome

Answer 38

- endocarp is cartilaginous (core) | - apple, pear, quince

Question 39

Dry Fruits

Answer 39

-dehiscent and indehiscent

Question 40

Dry Fruits - Dehiscent

Answer 40

* splits naturally at maturity* - Follice: splits on one seam (milkweed & delphinium) - Legume (pod): splits on two seams (all bean family! Fabaceae) - Silique: splits on two seams, but chamber is split down the middle with a wall-like structure (Brassicaceae family - mustards) - Capsule: splits on multiple sutures at maturity (poppy & okra)

Question 41

Dry Fruits - Indehiscent

Answer 41

* does NOT split naturally at maturity, usually one or 2 seeds* - Caryopsis: one-seeded fruit with fused pericarp and seed coat (corn, many grasses) - Achene: one-seeded fruit where the pericarp separates easily (sunflower seeds, strawberry seeds) - Samara: one- or two-seeded fruit with wing-like outgrowths (helicopter seed thingies, maple, ash, elm) - Nut: extremely hardened pericarp (oaks, pecans, walnuts) - Schizocarp: compound fruit with two single-seeded halves (carrot, parsley, dill)

Question 42

Parthenocarpic fruit

Answer 42

- fruits that form WITHOUT fertilization (seedless) | - banana, navel orange

Question 43

Seeds (organ)

Answer 43

- Develop as a result of fertilization | - Parts: Embryo, seed coat (except gymnosperms), food storage

Question 44

Apomixis

Answer 44

- process where seeds develop WITHOUT fertilization (clones) - not common, but useful - occurs frequently in citrus

Question 45

Germination

Answer 45

-water enters the seed and the embryo emerges

Question 46

Epigeous (bean) vs hypogeous (pea) germination

Answer 46

- Epigeous: seed raises above ground | - Hypogeous: seed stays underground