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PSYC 101 > Chapter 2 Research Methods > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Research Methods Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Facilitated communication

A

Facilitator sits next to child w/ autism, child sits in front of keyboard to help motor skills

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2
Q

Prefrontal lobotomy

A

Surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting frontal lobs of brain from underlying thalamus

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3
Q

Heuristic

A

Mental shortcut that helps us to streamline thinking/make sense of world

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4
Q

Cognitive misers

A

Try to conserve our mental energies by simplifying the world

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5
Q

Representative heuristic

A

Involves judging probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype, “like goes with like”

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6
Q

Base rate

A

How common a characteristic/behaviour is in general population

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7
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

Fail to consider other base rates

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8
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our mind

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9
Q

Cognitive bias

A

Systematic errors in thinking

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10
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes, “I knew it all along”

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11
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate out ability to make correct predictions

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12
Q

Five research designs

A
  1. Naturalistic observation
  2. Case study
  3. Correlation design
  4. Experimental design
  5. Survey
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13
Q

Naturalistic observation (What, strengths, weaknesses)

A

Watching behavior in real world settings without trying to manipulate situation
Strengths: High external validity
Weaknesses: Low internal validity, doesn’t allow us to infer causation

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14
Q

External validity

A

Extent to which we can generalize findings to real world settings

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15
Q

Internal validity

A

Extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study

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16
Q

Case study (What, strengths, weaknesses)

A

Examines one person/small number of people in depth, often over extended period of time
Strengths: Can provide existence proofs, allows us to study rare/unusual phenom, can offer insights for later systematic testing
Weaknesses: Typically anecdotal, doesn’t allow us to infer causation

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17
Q

Existence proofs

A

Demonstration that a given psychological phenom can occur

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18
Q

Self report measures

A

Questionnaires to assess variety of characteristics (personality traits, mental illness, interest)

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19
Q

Surveys (What, strengths, weaknesses)

A

Measure people’s opinion/attitudes
Strengths: Easy to administer, works well for some types of data, people have access to inner thoughts/may report them
Weaknesses: Question choice, self reports, selecting participants

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20
Q

Random selection

A

Ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

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21
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of measurement

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22
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Reliable questionnaire yields similar scores over time

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23
Q

Interrater reliability

A

Different people who conduct interview/make behavioral observations, agree on characteristics they’re measuring

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24
Q

Validity

A

Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure

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25
Response tests
Tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items
26
Positive impression management
Tendency to make ourselves look better than we are
27
Malingering
Tendency to make ourselves appear psychologically disturbed with aim of achieving clear-cut personal goal
28
Correlation design (What, strengths, weaknesses)
Examines the extent to which two variables are associated Strengths: Can help us predict behavior Weaknesses: Doesn't allow us to infer causation
29
Scatterplot
Grouping of points on 2D graph where each dot represents a single person's data
30
Illusory correlation
Perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists
31
Experimental design (What, strengths, weaknesses)
1. Random assignment of participants to conditions 2. Manipulation of an independent variable Strengths: Allows us to infer causation, high internal validity Weaknesses: Sometimes low external validity, difficulty with control (placebo, Hawthorne, demand char)
32
Random assignment
Randomly sorting participants into groups
33
Random selection vs random assignment
Ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate; Randomly sorting participants into groups
34
Control group
Group of participants that don't receive manipulation
35
Experimental group
Group of participants that receive manipulation
36
Between-subjects design
Researchers assign different groups to the control/experimental condition
37
Within-subject design
Each participant acts as his/her own control
38
Independent variable
Variable that experiment manipulates
39
Dependent variable
Variable that measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect
40
Operational definition
What a researcher is measuring
41
Placebo effect
Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
42
Blind
Unaware of whether one is experimental/control group
43
Nocebo effect
Harmless substance that creates harmful effect
44
Experimenter expectancy effect
Phenom where researchers' hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study
45
Double-blind
Neither researchers nor participants are aware of who's in experimental/control group
46
Demand characteristics
Clues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding researchers' hypotheses
47
Informed consent
informing research participants of what is involved in a study prior to participation
48
Statistics
Application of math to describe/analyze data
49
Descriptive statistics
Numerical characteristics that describe data
50
Central tendency
Measure of "central" scores in data set/where group tends to cluster (mean, median, mode)
51
Variability
Measure of how loosely/tightly bunched scores are
52
Standard deviation
Measure dispersion that takes into account of how far data is from mean
53
Inferential statistics
Math methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population
54
Extrasensory perception (ESP)
Perception of events outside the known channels of sensation
55
Pseudosymmetry
Scientific controversy where none exists
56
Statistically significant
Finding occurs by chance less than 5 in 100 times
57
Halo vs horns effect
Cognitive biases that cause a favourable/unfavourable effect
58
Hawthorne (observer) effect
Tendency to improve/modify aspect of behavior being experimentally measured in response to fact that subject knows they are being studied
59
Practically significant
How statistics relate to the real world
60
Effect size (Stat sig/not stat sig)
Large difference between groups studied; little difference between groups studied
61
Sample size (Stat sig/not stat sig)
Large number of participants; Small number of participants
62
Differences [Variability] (Stat sig/not stat sig)
Small differences across participants on variables measured; Large differences across participants on variables measured
63
Ethics in research (three)
1. Concern for welfare - minimize harm/maximize benefits to participants/society 2. Respect for persons - informed consent, decisions to participate, autonomy 3. Justice - share benefits/risks among all populations

PSYC 101 (6 decks)

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