Chapter 2 Review (11 questions)

Question 1

What is the relationship between atoms and elements?

Answer 1

Atoms- join together to form chemicals with different characteristics

Elements- a pure substance composed of only one kind of atom

Question 2

Protons: Location, Mass, Charge, Influence on chemical properties.

Answer 2

Positive charged
Mass- same as neutrons
Located in nucleus
sums up the mass of a large object

Question 3

Neutrons: Location, Mass, Charge, Influence on chemical properties.

Answer 3

Neutral charges or uncharged
Located in nucleus
sums up the mass of a large object

Question 4

Electrons: Location, Mass, Charge, Influence on chemical properties.

Answer 4

Mass 1/1836
Negative charge
sums up the mass of a large object

Question 5

What is the difference between atomic number, atomic mass, and atomic weight?

Answer 5

Atomic number= number of protons in an atom

Atomic mass = actual mass of an atom of a specific isotopes

Atomic weight= average mass, accounting for isotopes

Question 6

What are enzymes? How do enzymes function?

Answer 6

Enzymes- protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions.

Enzymes allow reactions to happen fast enough to support life

Question 7

What are enzymes? How do enzymes function?

Answer 7

Enzymes- protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions.

Enzymes allow reactions to happen fast enough to support life

Question 8

How do organic compounds differ from inorganic compounds?

Answer 8

Inorganic- molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen

ex: carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and inorganic acids, bases, and salt

Organic- Molecules based on carbon and hydrogen

ex: carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Question 9

What are the 4 special properties of water?

Answer 9

Solut

Question 10

What are the 4 special properties of water?

Answer 10

Solubility- dissolve in water
Reactivity- Most body chemistry occurs in water
High heat capacity- ability to absorb and retain heat
Lubrication- moisten and reduce friction

Question 11

why is water such a good solvent?

Answer 11

water molecule has positive and negative ends

Question 12

What kinds of molecules readily dissolve in water? What of molecules do not?

Answer 12

Hydrophilic - water loving
Includes ions and polar molecules

Hydrophobic- water fearing
includes non polar molecules , fats and oils

Question 13

What does pH measure?

Answer 13

the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

Question 14

What properties make a substance an acid?

Answer 14

pH is lower than 7.0

Question 15

What properties make a substance a base?

Answer 15

pH is higher than 7.0

Question 16

How do acids/bases affect pH?

Answer 16

Acids add hydrogen ions to a solution. Proton donor

Bases remove hydrogen ions from a solution. Proton acceptor

Question 17

How do buffers work?

Answer 17

are compounds that neutralize acids and bases

Prevent large changes in the pH of the body

Sodium bicarbonate is very important in humans

Question 18

What is the structure of a carb? What are carbs made of?

Answer 18

Covalent bonds
1:2:1 ratio
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Monosaccharide -> simple sugar
Disaccharide-> two sugars
Polysaccharide -> many sugars

Question 19

Functions of monosaccharides

Answer 19

Energy source
Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms

Ex. glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 20

Functions of polysaccharides

Answer 20

energy storage, structure

Many monosaccharides connected by dehydration synthesis reactions

Broken down by hydrolysis reactions

Ex. glycogen, starch, cellulose

Question 21

What is the structure of a lipid? What are they made of?

Answer 21

mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils and waxes

mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 22

How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?

Answer 22

Saturated with hydrogen
No double bonds
Generally solid at room temperature

Unsaturated
One or more double bonds
Generally liquid at room temperature

Question 23

What are the 5 major classes of lipids?

Answer 23

Fatty acids 
Eicosanoids 
Glycerides 
Steroids 
Phospholipids and glycolipids

Question 24

Fatty Acids

Answer 24

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end

Question 25

Eicosanoids

Answer 25

active in the immune system

Question 26

Glycerides

Answer 26

energy source insulation protection

Question 27

Steroids

Answer 27

Cholesterol Estrogens and testosterone Corticosteroids and calcitriol Bile salts

Question 28

Phospholipids and Glycolipids

Answer 28

are structural lipids -> components of cell membranes

Question 29

Structure of a protein. And what are proteins made of?

Answer 29

built from long chains of amino acids Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Question 30

Components of an amino acid

Answer 30

Amino group, central carbon, Carboxyl group, r group

Question 31

4 levels of protein structure

Answer 31

Primary structure linear sequence of amino acids Secondary structure Hydrogen bonds often form spirals or pleats Tertiary structure Secondary structure folds into a unique shape Quaternary structure final protein shape when multiple subunits are needed to form a functional protein complex

Question 32

Examples of protein functions

Answer 32

Support Structural proteins Movement Contractile proteins Transport Carrier proteins Buffering Regulation of pH Metabolic Regulation Enzymes Coordination and Control Hormones Defense Antibodies

Question 33

What is the structure of a nucleic acid (DNA,RNA)

Answer 33

Strings of nucleotides

Question 34

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide

Answer 34

a pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (A,G,T,C, or U)

Question 35

How do DNA or RNA differ from one another?

Answer 35

DNA forms a double helix RNA is usually a single strand DNA- Adenine (A) and thymine(T) RNA- Uracil (U) replaces thymine(T)

Question 36

How do DNA or RNA differ from one another?

Answer 36

DNA forms a double helix RNA is usually a single strand DNA- Adenine (A) and thymine(T) RNA- Uracil (U) replaces thymine(T)

Question 37

What functions are performed by DNA? By RNA?

Answer 37

DNA - nucleus, determines inherited characteristics, contains protein "blueprints" RNA- directs intermediate steps in protein synthesis

Question 38

What are the complementary base pairs for DNA and RNA

Answer 38

DNA - (A) (T) & (C) (G) | RNA - (A) (U) & (C) (G)

Question 39

What is the structure of ATP

Answer 39

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 40

Function of ATP

Answer 40

energy source

Question 41

Why do cells need to breakdown and reform biological molecules.

Answer 41

Metabolic turnover lets your body grow, change, and adapt to new conditions and activities