Chapter 2- Self and perception

Question 1

What is the perception process?

Answer 1

Attending to or selecting, organising and interpreting information. Our different responses to stimuli depend on how we perceive them.

Question 2

What is the first step in the perception process?

Answer 2

Selecting/Attending

Question 3

What is the Selecting/Attending step?

Answer 3

Select info/stimuli from environment that you want to focus on

Question 4

What are factors that influence Selecting/Attending?

Answer 4

Salience (Info that stands out bc of prominence e.g loudness)
Interest (personal motivations)
Expectations (Align with our preconceived notions)

Question 5

What is the second step of the perception process?

Answer 5

Organising

Question 6

What is organising?

Answer 6

Making sense of the selected information in our minds.

Question 7

What are the methods of organisation?

Answer 7

1. Proximity (group things physically close to each other)
2. Similarity (similar things are mentally grouped)
3. Patterns (Recognise patterns)

Question 8

What is the final step of the perception process?

Answer 8

Interpreting

Question 9

What is Interpreting?

Answer 9

Assigning meaning to our experiences

Question 10

What is used to interpret new experiences?

Answer 10

Perceptual Schemata: Cognitive frameworks that allow individuals to organize perceptual data that they have selected from the environment

Question 11

What factors influence interpretation?

Answer 11

Personal experience (past shaping present)
Expectations (anticipate effects)
Assumptions (Assume human behaviours)

Question 12

What are cultural influences on perception?

Answer 12

Our cultural background shapes how we perceive the world

Question 13

What are the two types of cultures that influence perception?

Answer 13

1. High-context cultures
2. Low-context cultures

Question 14

What are high-context cultures?

Answer 14

People consider the larger context, relationships and nonverbal cues (subtleties). Make shared assumptions
e.g Japan

Question 15

What are low-context cultures?

Answer 15

Information is conveyed directly, focuses on specific details and has explicit rules. Individual expression is emphasised.
e.g USA

Question 16

What is Salience?

Answer 16

State or quality of an item being particularly noticeable or important

Question 17

What influences Salience?

Answer 17

Our needs, interest and expectations

Question 18

What plays a significant role in shaping our perceptions?

Answer 18

Physical charcteristics
Physiological influences
Cultural differences
Ethnocentrism
Social roles
Access to information

Question 19

What are some examples of physical characteristics that influence our perceptions?

Answer 19

Dress, grooming especially in professional settings

Question 20

What is stereotyping?

Answer 20

Categorising individuals according to a set of characteristics assumed to belong to all members of a group

Question 21

What are the three characteristics of stereotyping?

Answer 21

1. You often categorize people on the basis of an easily recognized characteristic.
2. You ascribe a set of characteristics to most or all members of a category.
3. You apply the set of characteristics to every member of the group.

Question 22

What are common tendencies in perception?

Answer 22

Judge ourselves more charitably
Self-serving bias
Cling to first impressions
Halo effect
Assume others are similar to us
Influenced by the obvious

Question 23

What is self-serving bias?

Answer 23

The tendency to interpret and explain information in a way that casts the perceiver in the most favourable manner

Question 24

What is the halo effect?

Answer 24

The tendency to form an overall positive impression on the basis of one positive characteristic

Question 25

What are the three dimensions of self?

Answer 25

Social self Spiritual self Material self

Question 26

What is self-concept?

Answer 26

Relatively stable set of self-perceptions individuals hold about themselves -Contain values and beliefs

Question 27

What are the dimensions of self-concept?

Answer 27

Self-knowledge- “Who am I” Self-expectation- “Who or what do I want to be?” Social self- How the individual is perceived by others Self-evaluation- “How well do I like myself?”

Question 28

What are the components of Self-concept?

Answer 28

Identity Body image Self esteem Role performance

Question 29

What is self-esteem?

Answer 29

Part of the self that evaluates our worth

Question 30

What does High/low self-esteem affect?

Answer 30

Communication

Question 31

What re some influences on self-esteem/concept?

Answer 31

1. Biological strengths/weaknesses 2. Family, friends and social environment 3. Events (death, divorce, hospitalisation....) 4.Gender

Question 32

How does gender influence self-concept/esteem?

Answer 32

Shapes how there communicate with us have Different expectations and different acceptable behaviours

Question 33

What are some characteristics associated with low self-esteem?

Answer 33

-need positive external experiences to counteract negative internal experiences -Negative outlook on life (hopeless, worthless) - Unrealistic expectations - Poor coping skills -Stay in unhealthy relationships

Question 34

What are some characteristics associated with high self-esteem?

Answer 34

Positive outlook on life Assertive in expressing opinions Able to form secure relationships Realistic expectations Better coping skills

Question 35

What is self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 35

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when your expectation causes something to happen.

Question 36

What is self-disclosure?

Answer 36

Self-disclosure is the purposeful disclosure of personal information to another person.

Question 37

What is the social penetration theory?

Answer 37

Social penetration theory states that as we get to know someone, we engage in a reciprocal process of self disclosure that changes in depth and affects how a relationship develops.

Question 38

what is the social comparison theory?

Answer 38

Social comparison theory states that we evaluate ourselves based on how we compare with others.

Question 39

What is the Johari window?

Answer 39

Visually represents the aspects of self that are known to us versus those unknown. The model has four quadrants, and the first quadrant (lower left-hand corner) includes concepts like your name, hobbies, and other topics about yourself that you share with others.