Chapter 2 Slides Flashcards
(28 cards)
_______: the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules, associated with the release of energy.
Catabolism
______ : the flow of energy in a biological system; the conversion of macronutrients into biologically usable forms of energy.
Bioenergetics
_______: the synthesis of larger molecules from small molecules; can be accomplished using the energy released from catabolic reactions.
Anabolism
______ energy-releasing reactions that are generally catabolic.
Exergonic reactions
______: require energy and include anabolic processes and the contraction of muscle.
Endergonic reactions
______: the total of all the catabolic or Exergonic and anabolic or endergonic reactions in a biological system.
Metabolism
______: allows the transfer of energy from Exergonic to endergonic reactions.
ATP
What are the three basic energy systems that exist in muscle cells to replenish ATP?
- the phosphagen system
- glycolysis
- the oxidative system
Energy stored in the chemical bonds of ______ is used to power muscular activity.
ATP
The replenishment of ATP in human skeletal muscle is accomplished by three basic energy systems: 1) ______, 2) _____, 3) ______.
Phosphagen
Glycolytic
Oxidative
_________ system provides ATP primarily for short-term, high-intensity activities (resistance training, sprinting) and is active at the start of all exercise regardless of intensity.
Phosphagen
________: the concentrations of reactants or products (or both) in solution will drive the direction of the reactions.
Law of mass action
_______: the breakdown of carbohydrates – either glycogen stored in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood – to resynthesize ATP.
Glycolysis
Lactate can be transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to glucose. This process is referred to as the ______.
Cori cycle
_______: the exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood
lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration.
Lactate threshold (LT)
Lactate threshold begins at ____% to _____% of maximal oxygen uptake in untrained individuals.
50
60
Lactate threshold begins at _____% to ____% in trained athletes.
70
80
The ______ system is the primary source of ATP at rest and during low intensity activities. Uses primarily carbohydrates and fats as substrates.
Oxidative
Metabolism of blood glucose and muscle glycogen begins with glycolysis and leads to the ____.
Krebs cycle
______ stored in fat cells can be broken down by hormone-sensitive lipase.
Triglycerides
____ is not a significant source of energy for most activities.
Protein
Protein is broken down into _____, and then they are converted into glucose, pyruvate, or various Krebs cycle intermediates to produce ATP.
Amino acids
Isocitrate dehydrogenase is stimulated by _____ and inhibited by _____.
ADP
ATP
The rate of glycogen depletion is related to ____.
Exercise intensity
