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Clinical Parasitology > Chapter 2: Specimen Collection and Processing > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Specimen Collection and Processing Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most common procedure performed in the area of parasitology the examination of a stool specimen?

A

Ova & Parasites

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2
Q

It refers to the egg stage of select parasites

A

Ova

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3
Q

It encompasses the other morphologic forms that may be present.

A

Parasites

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4
Q

What are the TWO general components associated with this routine parasitology
procedure?

A

Macroscopic & Microscopic

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5
Q

This examination is used to detect the presence of parasites in a stool specimen

This examination consist of THREE possible components, each of which is detailed in the sections that follow a discussion of collection, transport, and fixatives for preservation.

A

Microscopic examination

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6
Q

This examination was used to determine the consistency and color of the sample

A

Macroscopic examination

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7
Q

This stage is a morphologic form that invades humans.

A

Infective stage

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8
Q

This stage is one or more forms that can be detected via laboratory retrieval methods.

A

Diagnostic stage

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9
Q

This may be detected from a properly collected and prepared stool specimen.

A

Protozoa and Helminths

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10
Q

The protozoan forms are known as?

A

Trophozoites & Cysts

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11
Q

The typical stool collection protocol consists of how many specimens?

A

3 specimens in 10 days

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12
Q

What is the one exception in the diagnosis of amebiasis?

A

6 specimens in 14 days are acceptable

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13
Q

Stool samples from patients whose therapy includes?

A
  1. Bismuth
  2. Barium
  3. Mineral oil
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14
Q

Stool samples from patients whose therapy includes barium, bismuth, or mineral oil should be collected prior to therapy or not until how many days?

A

5 to 7 days after the completion of therapy

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15
Q

The collection of specimens from patients who have taken antibiotics or antimalarial medications should be delayed for how many weeks?

A

2 weeks following therapy

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16
Q

The acceptable amount of stool required for parasite study is?

A

2-5 grams or the size of the walnut

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17
Q

Urine should not be allowed to contaminate the stool specimen because it has been known to?

A

Destroy some parasites

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18
Q

Rice watery stool is known as what disease?

A

Cholera

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19
Q

What do you call when you cough up blood from your lungs?

A

Hemoptysis

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20
Q

What item should be specimen placed for transport to the laboratory?

A

Into a zip-lock plastic bag

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21
Q

This should also be used in laboratories, when present.

A

Biohazard hoods

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22
Q

To demonstrate the motility of protozoan trophozoites, what should be required?

A

Fresh specimen

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23
Q

Trophozoites are usually found in?

A

Liquid stool

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24
Q

In how many minutes does the liquid specimen be examined?

A

30 minutes

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25
In how many hours does a soft or semiformed specimen yield a mixture of protozoan cysts and trophozoites be examined?
1 hour
26
Formed stool specimens are not likely to contain trophozoites; therefore, they can be held for how many hours?
24 hours
27
This are substances that preserves the morphology of protozoa and prevent further development of certain helminth eggs and larvae.
Fixatives
28
The specimen must be fixed in the preservative for at least how many minutes before processing begins?
30 minutes
29
This has been used for many years as an all-purpose fixative for the recovery of protozoa and helminths.
Formalin
30
Two concentrations of formalin are commonly used, how many percent of concentration?
5%
31
The concentration preserves helminth eggs and larvae, how many percent?
10%
32
Formalin may be routinely used for direct examinations and concentration procedures, except?
But not for permanent smears
33
What are the THREE primary advantages of the use of formalin?
1. It is easy to prepare 2. It preserves specimens for up to several years 3. It has a long shelf life
34
What are the disadvantages of formalin?
It does not preserve parasite morphology adequately for permanent smears.
35
How many percentages of parasite specimens are on feces stool?
95%
36
What is the early morning specimen that is best or most concentrated?
Sputum
37
What is the early morning or first void specimen?
Urine
38
What type of preservation is best for amoebic trophozoites can prepare permanent stain slides from specimens preserved?
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
39
What is the viable alternative to the use of PVA and Schaudinn fixative? This preservative can be used for performing concentration techniques and permanent stained smears.
Sodium Acetate Formalin (SAF)
40
This type of preservative is used for fresh stool samples that are good for trophs and cysts.
Schaudinn's fluid
41
The other alternatives to mercury-based PVA are the use of substitute compounds containing copper sulfate or zinc sulfate.
Modified Polyvinyl Alcohol (MPA)
42
These single-vial fixatives are free of formalin and mercury and can be used for concentration techniques and permanent stained smears.
Alternative single-vial system
43
It is a disk that is inserted into the eyepiece of the microscope.
Ocular micrometer
44
It is defined as a slide made by mixing a small portion of unfixed stool.
Direct wet mount
45
Screening a slide using these adjustments typically takes an experienced laboratory technician approximately how many minutes?
10 minutes
46
It is used to detect small numbers of parasites that might not be detected using direct wet preparations.
Concentration techniques
47
What are the TWO types of concentration techniques?
1. Formalin-Ethyl Acetate Sedimentation 2. Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique
48
What is the most widely used sedimentation technique?
Formalin-Ethyl Acetate Sedimentation
49
This technique is also based on differences in specific gravity between the sample debris.
Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique
50
What are the two common stains used for routine O&P testing including trichrome?
1. Wheatley modification 2. Iron hematoxylin
51
What is the most widely used permanent stain?
Wheatley trichrome
52
It is used instead of the trichrome technique.
Iron hematoxylin
53
It is used to diagnose cryptosporidium, isopora, and cyclospora.
Acid-fast stain
54
It is used to diagnose microsporidiosis.
Modified trichrome stain
55
It is used for blood smears.
Wright stain & Giemsa stain
56
It is easy to perform and most commonly used.
Trichrome stain
57
It can enhance the detection of microfilarial sheaths.
Iron hematoxylin
58
In Duodenal material, the specimen may be collected by?
Nasogastric intubation or Enteric capsule test (Enterotest)
59
What are the parasites that may be observed in Duodenal material?
- Giardia intestinal - Strongyloides stercoralis - Cryptosporidium spp
60
Examination of sigmoidoscopy (colon) material is often helpful for detecting what parasite?
Entamoeba histolytica
61
The cellophane tape prep is the specimen of choice for the detection of what parasite?
Enterobius vermicularis
62
Parasites that may be recovered in the blood include?
1. Malaria 2. Leishmania donovani 3. Trypanosoma spp
63
It is designed to concentrate blood specimens suspected of containing low numbers of microfilariae.
Knott techniques
64
It is a layer of white blood cells between the plasma and red blood cells that results from centrifuging whole blood.
Buffy coat slides
65
It is a slant inoculated by the addition of a single drop of collected blood or ground tissue
Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle
66
Skin Snips are useful in the detection of what parasite?
Onchocercus volvulus
67
It is a technique used for the diagnosis of Chagas’ disease.
Xenodiagnosis
68
These techniques allow the detection of a wide variety of parasites but are labor-intensive and require an experienced microscopist.
Stool screening method
69
Tissue and biopsy specimens are recommended for the recovery of a number of parasites, including intracellular organisms such as?
- Toxoplasma gondii - Leishmania spp.
70
Sputum Parasite detection -->
- Paragonimus westermani - Ascaris lumbricoides - Strongyloides stercoralis - Microsporidia - Entamoeba histolytica - Entamoeba gingivalis
71
Urine and Genital Secretions Parasite detection -->
- Schistosoma haematobium - Trichomonas vaginalis
72
Eye specimens Parasite detection -->
- Acanthamoeba keratitis - Acanthamoeba - Toxoplasma gondii - Microsporidia - Loa loa
73
Mouth Scrapings and Nasal Discharge Parasite detection -->
- Entamoeba gingivalis - Trichomonas tenax - Naegleria fowleri
74
Skin snips Parasite detection -->
- Onchocerca volvulus
75
Cerebrospinal Fluid Parasite detection -->
- Naegleria fowleri
76
Muscles Parasite detection -->
- Trypanosoma cruzi - Trichinella spiralis
77
Liver & Spleen Parasite detection -->
- Entamoeba histolytica - Leishmania donovani
78
Parasites that can be isolated with culture include
- Leishmania spp - Entamoeba histolytica - Trichomonas vaginalis - Trypanosoma cruzi - Toxoplasma gondii
79
These methods are not a common means of detecting parasites.
Culture methods
80
Animal inoculation and Xenodiagnosis specimens should be collected using?
Aseptic techniques

Clinical Parasitology (7 decks)

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