Chapter 4: The Flagellates

Question 1

Flagellates belong to the phylum Protozoa and
are members of?

Answer 1

Subphylum Mastigophora

Question 2

Proper identification of structures specific to select flagellates, such as a finlike structure connected to the outer edge of some flagellates known as a rodlike support structure found in some flagellates

Answer 2

Undulating Membrane and Axostyle

Question 3

What diagnostic laboratory is used in flagellate identification as those described for the amebas?

Answer 3

• Use saline and iodine wet preparation
• Permanent stain

Question 4

This flagellate morphologic structure is often not visible under microscopic examination.

A. Undulating membrane
B. Pseudopods
C. Flagella
D. Axostyle

Answer 4

C. Flagella

Question 5

What are the commonly associated disease or condition names of G. intestinalis.

Answer 5

• Giardiasis
• Traveler’s diarrhea

Question 6

It is known as Cercomonas intestinalis

Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite

• It is described as pear or teardrop-shaped
• “Old man with eyeglasses”
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Four pairs of flagella
• Median or parabasal bodies

Characteristics: Parasite Cysts

• Ovoidal
• Football-shaped
• Nuclei: 2-4
• Double wall
• Dx: Enterotest or ELISA

Answer 6

• Giardia intestinalis
• Giardia duodenalis
• Giardia lamblia

Question 7

Two slightly curved rodlike structures, sit on the axonemes posterior to the nuclei, known as?

Answer 7

Median bodies

Question 8

What is the specimen choice for G. intestinalis?

Answer 8

Stool

Question 9

Duodenal contents can identify G. intestinalis using
the string test, also known as?

Answer 9

Enterotest

Question 10

It is a detection of both Giardia & Cryptosporidium.

Answer 10

Direct Fluorescence

Question 11

The newest form of identifying Giardia is?

Answer 11

Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)

Question 12

What are the disease manifestations of G. intestinalis?

Answer 12

• Oral anal sexual practices
• Via the fecal-oral

Question 13

What is the approved treatment for G. intestinalis?

Answer 13

Tinidazole

Question 14

These are both known to be carriers of double-stranded RNA viruses.

Answer 14

G. intestinalis & T. vaginalis

Question 15

What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of C. mesnili?

Answer 15

None

Question 16

Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite

• Pear-shaped
• Assymetrical
• Large spherical nucleus
• Have 4 flagella

Characteristics: Parasite Cysts

• Lemon shaped
• Knob like or nipple shaped
• Single nucleus
• Cytostome w/fibrils

Answer 16

Chilomastix mesnili

Question 17

The fourth flagellum is shorter than the others and extends posteriorly from a rudimentary mouth referred to as a?

Answer 17

Cytostome

Question 18

In laboratory diagnosis, the traditional examination of freshly passed liquid stools from patients infected with C. Mesnili typically reveals only in what stage?

Answer 18

Trophozoite

Question 19

What procedure must often demonstrate the organism’s features most clearly in C. mesnili?

Answer 19

Iodine wet preparation

Question 20

A liquid stool is the specimen of choice for the recovery of which of these morphologic forms of C. mesnili?

Answer 20

Trophozoites

Question 21

A formed stool is the specimen of choice for the recovery of which of these morphologic forms of C. mesnili?

Answer 21

Cysts

Question 22

A semiformed is the specimen of choice for the recovery of which of these morphologic forms of C. mesnili?

Answer 22

Trophozoites & Cysts

Question 23

What is the commonly associated disease and condition name of Dientamoeba fragilis?

Answer 23

Dientamoeba fragilis infection

Question 24

It does NOT have external flagella and does NOT have cysts stage.

Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite

• Irregularly round
• 1-2 rosette-shaped nuclei
• Vacuoles with ingested debris
• Hakansson phenomenon
• It swell and rupture return to its normal size

Answer 24

Dientamoeba fragilis

Question 25

In laboratory diagnosis, what methods should used to detect D. fragilis?

Answer 25

Real-time Polymerase Chair Reaction (RT-PCR)

Question 26

What is the best treatment for Dientamoeba fragilis?

Answer 26

Iodoquinol

Question 27

What is an acceptable alternative treatment for D. fragilis?

Answer 27

Tetracycline

Question 28

It may be used in cases when the treatments listed earlier, for whatever reason, are not appropriate for D. fragilis.

Answer 28

Paromomycin

Question 29

The permanent stain of choice for observing the nuclear features of D. fragilis is which of the following? A. Trichrome B. Iodine C. Saline D. Iron hematoxylin

Answer 29

D. Iron hematoxylin

Question 30

The characteristic nervous, jerky motility is accomplished with the assistance of a full body-length undulating membrane also known as costa. Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite - Pear-shaped - Nervous, jerky - One nuclei Characteristics: Parasite Cysts - No stage

Answer 30

Trichomonas hominis

Question 31

What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of Trichomonas hominis?

Answer 31

None

Question 32

Trichomonas hominis can be transmitted by which of the following? A. Contaminated milk B. Bite of an infected mosquito C. Ingestion of an embryonated ovum D. Ingestion of undercooked meat

Answer 32

A. Contaminated milk

Question 33

What is the examination method of choice for T. hominis?

Answer 33

Stool

Question 34

This organism may also be seen in the form of a half circle. Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite - Oval-shaped (half-circle) - Exhibit jerky motility - Single nucleus with large central karyosome - Four flagella originate from the organisms anterior at end Characteristics: Parasite Cysts - Oval or elongated in-shaped - 1-4 binucleated and quadrinucleated nuclei located at opposite ends central karyosome

Answer 34

Enteromonas hominis

Question 35

What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of Enteromonas hominis?

Answer 35

None

Question 36

In laboratory diagnosis, what examination method of choice is Enteromonas hominis?

Answer 36

Stool samples in the laboratory diagnostic techniques

Question 37

What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of Retortamonas intestinalis?

Answer 37

None

Question 38

A well-defined fibril borders this structure. Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite - Ovoid-shape - One nucleus with a small central karyosome - Two flagella at the anterior - Jerky motility - Cystosome extending halfway down body length Characteristics: Parasite Cysts - Lemon to pear-shaped cysts - Single nucleus with central karyosome - Two fused fibrils resembling a bird leak in the anterior nuclear region

Answer 38

Retortamonas intestinalis

Question 39

In laboratory examination, what examination method of choice is for R. intestinalis?

Answer 39

Permanently stained stool

Question 40

What is the commonly associated disease and condition names of Trichomonas tenax?

Answer 40

None

Question 41

Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite - Oval to pear-shaped (pyriform) - Single nucleus - Small cytostome - Undulating membrane 2/3 of the costa - A thick axosstyle runs along the rhetorical entire body Characteristics: Parasite Cysts - No cysts stage

Answer 41

Trichomonas tenax

Question 42

In laboratory diagnosis, what specimen of choice for diagnosing T. tenax trophozoite?

Answer 42

Mouth scrapings

Question 43

In the microscopic examination for patients suffering from T. tenax infections often yields typical trophozoites, what should be examine?

Answer 43

Tonsilar crypt & Pyorrheal pockets

Question 44

What are the commonly associated disease and condition names for T. vaginalis?

Answer 44

- Persistent urethritis - Persistent vaginitis - Infant Trichomonas - Vaginalis infection

Question 45

In laboratory diagnosis, what method of choice is used for T. vaginalis?

Answer 45

- Standard processing methods in spun urine, vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, and prostatic secretions - Pap smears - Fluorescent test - Monoclonal antibody assays - Enzyme immunoassays - Cultures

Question 46

Characteristics: Parasite Trophozoite - Ovoid, round, or pear-shaped (pyriform) - Mononucleated - Four free anterior flagella - Prominent axostyle - Rapid, jerky, and tumbling motility Characteristics: Parasite Cysts - No cysts stage

Answer 46

T. vaginalis

Question 47

Another diagnostic tool used by laboratories today is?

Answer 47

InPouch TV

Question 48

A DNA-based assay has been developed for T. vaginalis is the detection use of?

Answer 48

Affirm VPIII

Question 49

The primary mode of transmission of the T. vaginalis trophozoites is?

Answer 49

Sexual intercourse

Question 50

It is the condition that symptomatic men experience as a result of a T. vaginalis infection.

Answer 50

Persistent Urethritis

Question 51

The most common infection site of T. vaginalis in males.

Answer 51

Prostate gland

Question 52

It found in infected women, is characterized by a foul smelling, greenish-yellow liquid vaginal discharge after an incubation period of 4 to 28 days.

Answer 52

Persistent Vaginitis

Question 53

These conditions were most likely contracted as a result of T. vaginalis trophozoites migrating from an infected mother to the infant through the birth canal and/or during vaginal delivery.

Answer 53

Infant Infection

Question 54

What is the treatment of choice is used for T. vaginalis infection?

Answer 54

Metronidazole (flagyl)

Question 55

This prominent structure found in T. vaginalis trophozoites that often extends beyond the body provides the parasite with support. A. Nucleus B. Axostyle C. Axoneme D. Granule

Answer 55

B. Axostyle

Question 56

Characteristics: Lemon-shaped cyst

Answer 56

Chilomastix mesnili

Question 57

Characteristics: Trophozoite has a ventrally located sucking disc

Answer 57

Giardia intestinalis

Question 58

Characteristics: Transmitted by helminth ova

Answer 58

Dientamoeba fragilis

Question 59

Characteristics: Specimen of choice is a mouth scraping

Answer 59

Trichomonas tenax

Question 60

Characteristics: Specimen of choice can be a urethral swab

Answer 60

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 61

Characteristics: Fibrils form a characteristic bird’s beak

Answer 61

Retortamonas intestinalis