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Science > Chapter 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Study Guide Flashcards

Earthquakes (81 cards)

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1
Q

What is Mathew 27:51?

A

“At the same moment the curtain of the temple was torn in 2 from top to bottom. The Earth shook and the rock split”.

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2
Q

Earthquakes are caused by ______

A

Stress

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3
Q

What is Geologic Stress?

A

The force that acts in rock to change its shape or volume

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of Stress?

A

Compression, Tension, and Shearing

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5
Q

Tension _____ on the crust

A

pulls

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6
Q

Compression ________ rock till it _______ or ________

A

Squeezes, folds, breaks

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7
Q

In a reverse fault, the footwall_______
A. Moves higher than the hanging wall
B. Moves lower than the hanging wall
C. Stays the same
D. Shrinks

A

C.

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8
Q

Shearing _______ rock in ___ different directions

A

pushes, 2

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8
Q

What is a Strike- Slip Fault?

A

It is when rocks slip past each other sideways with very little up and down motion

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9
Q

How does a normal fault happens?
A. The hanging wall slips down
B. The hanging wall slips up
C. The hanging wall stays the same
D. The hanging wall shrinks

A

A

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10
Q

What is the difference from a normal fault and a Reverse fault?

A

In a normal fault the hanging wall slips down, but in a reverse fault, the hanging walll slips up

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11
Q

Over Millions of years a flat plain can change into something like a ____________
A. Syncline
B. Folded Mountain
C. Fault Block Mountain
D. Anticline
E. All of the Above
F. None of the Above

A

E.

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12
Q

Sometimes Plate Movement can cause the crust to ______

A

fold

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13
Q

What is a fold?

A

A bend in the rock that form when compression shortens and thikcens part of Earth’s crust

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14
Q

What is a anticline?

A

A fold in the rock that bends upward into an arch

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15
Q

What is a syncline?

A

A fold in rock that bends downward to form a valley

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16
Q

the collision of two plates can cause ___________ and _______ of the crust over a wide area

A

compression, folding

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17
Q

How does a fault block mountain form?

A

When 2 normal faults cut through a block of rock

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18
Q

How does the process of making a fault block mountain form?

A

When 2 plates move away from each other, tensions forces creates many normal fault and when 2 of them form parallel to each other, a chunk of rock is in between them. The hanging wall from each fault slips down, which then causes the block of rock in between them to move upwards, forming a fault block mountain

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19
Q

What is a Plateau?

A

A large area of flat land elevated high above sea level

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20
Q

What are 5 kinds of lardforms caused by plate movement?

A

anticline, syncline, plateau, folded mountains, and fault-block mountains

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21
Q

What is an Earthquake?

A

The shaking and trembling resulting from the movemment of rock

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22
Q

Earthquakes are caused by _____ ________

A

Plate movement

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23
Q

What is the focus?

A

The center of stress underground where rock breaks

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24
The _____ is underground
focus
25
What is the Epicenter?
The point on the surface, directly above the focus
26
the _________ in underground
Epicenter
27
True or False: Seismic Waves carry energy from an earthquake
True
28
What are the 3 types of Seismic Waves?
P-Waves, S-Waves, and Surface Waves
29
What does P-Waves stand for and why?
Primary Waves, because they arrive first
30
What does S-Waves stand for and why?
Secondary Waves, because they arrive second after the P-Waves
31
What are Surface Waves?
Primary Waves and Secondary Waves, just on the surface, not underground
32
True or False: Surface Waves are faster than P and S Waves
False
33
Which of these produce the most damage: Primary, Secondary, or Surface waves
Surface Waves
34
Primary Waves and Secondary Waves are ____ _____
body waves
35
What are the 2 types of Surface Waves?
Ryleigh and Love
36
How does a Seismograph work?
Seismic waves cause the drum on the seisograph to vibrate, but asuspended weight with the pen attached to it moves very little, so the pen stays in place most of the time
37
What is a seismogram?
The paper that records the vibrations of Earthquakes
38
What does GPS stand for?
The Global Positioning System
39
What does the Global Positioning System measure?
Change in elevation and horizonatal movement
40
The Global Positioning System needs ______ sattelites to work
3
41
What are the four types of earthquake risk?
Shaking, Liquefaction, Aftershocks, and Tsunamis
42
Earth is ________ still A. Never B. Always C. Sometimes D. Ocasionally
A.
43
Most earthquakes begin in the _____ A. Crust B. Lower Mantle C. Asthenosphere D. Lithosphere
D.
44
What is the focus?
The area beneath Earth's surface where rock that is under stress breaks, causing an earthquake
45
What is the epicenter?
the point on the surface directly above the focus
46
The _________ is above the focus
Epicenter
47
_______ ________ carry energy from an earthquake away from the focus
Seismic Waves
48
What does P-Waves do?
Compress and Expand
49
What does S-Waves do?
Shake the ground back and forth
50
P- Waves can travel through _______ and _______
solids and liquids
51
S-Waves can not travel through __________
liquids
52
What are the 3 Ways sceientists measure Earthquakes?
The Mercalli Scale, The Richter scale, and The Moment Magnitude Scale
53
What is the Slowest type of Seismic Waves
Surface Waves
54
Some surface waves can make the ground ______ A. Break B. Fold C. Bend D. Roll
D.
55
What does the Mercalli Scale do?
It rates earthquakes on a level of damage at a given place
56
What is the highest number on the Mercalli Scale an Earthquake can be?
12
57
What is Earthquakes Magnitude?
A number that geologist assign to an earthquake bases on the earthquakes size
58
What is the Richter Scale?
is a rating of an earthquake's magnitude bases on the size of the earthquakes seismic waves
59
The ____________________ is a rating system that estimates the total energy released by an earthquake
Moment Magnitude Scale
60
What are the 4 instruments that are used to Monitor Faults
Tiltmeters, Creep meters, Laser-Ranging Devices, and GPS satellites
61
What does a tiltmeter measure?
The tilting or raising of the ground
62
What does Creep Meters Measure?
How much the fault has moved
63
What does Laser Ranging devices measure?
Horizontal fault movements
64
What do GPS satellites measure?
Changes in Elevation as well as horizontal movement along faults
65
What are Seismographs and fault monitoring devices data used for?
Data used to map faults and detect changes along faults
66
What is Friction?
is the force that opposes the motioin of one surface as it moves across another surface.
67
Friction exists because __________________ A. Surfaces are not perfectly smooth B. The Continents were once joined together C. Because Earthquakes happen every day D. Because Earth is smooth
A.
68
How do Geologists determine earthquake risk?
By locating where faults are active and where past earthquakes have occurred
69
What does the Mercalli Scale do?
Rate earthquakes according to the level of damage at a given place
70
What is the Richter scale?
a rating of an earthquakes magnitude based on the size of the earthquake's seismic waves
71
What is an Earthquakes Magnitude?
a number that geologiest assign to an earthquakes based on the earthquakes's size
72
What is the Moment Magnitude Scale?
A rating system that estimates the total energy releases by an earthquake
73
When Friction along a fault is Low, the rocks on both sides of the fault______________________ A. Slide by each other without hitting B. Slide by each other and hit each other C. Don't Slide by at all D. None of the Above
A.
74
When Friction is high, the rocks _______________________ A. The rocks arn't near each other and they move B. The rocks lock together and move slowly C. The rocks lock together and do not move D. None of the Above
C.
75
What are the 4 ways Earthquakes cause damage?
Liquefaction, Shaking, Aftershocks, and Tsunamis
76
what is Liquefaction?
When an earthquake's violent shaking suddently turned loose, soft soil into liquid mud
77
What is an Aftershock?
An earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area
78
What is a Tsuanami
The water displayed bby the earthquake that forms into a large wave
79
What is the best thing you should do in an earthquake to protect yourself?
Drop, cover, and hold
80
What is a Base-isolated building?
A building/house disigneed to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the building during an earthquake

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