Chapter 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole Flashcards by Brett Kitterman

Anabolism

Process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids. Ana- means up, bol means to cast, and -ism is a process

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Process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids.

Anabolism

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Process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released

Catabolism

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Catabolism

Process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released

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Structure surrounding and protecting the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell.

Cell membrane

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Cell membrane

Structure surrounding and protecting the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell.

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Rod shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes.

Chromosomes ((There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell, except for the egg and sperm cells, which contain only 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes.))

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Chromosomes

Rod shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes.

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Cytoplasm

All of the material that is outside the nucleus, and yet contained within the cell membrane

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All of the material that is outside the nucleus, and yet contained within the cell membrane

Cytoplasm

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DNA

Chemical found with each chromosome arranged, like a sequence of recipes in code. It directs the activities of the cell.

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Chemical found with each chromosome arranged, like a sequence of recipes in code. It directs the activities of the cell.

DNA

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Endoplasmic reticulum

Network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell. Here, large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces.

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Network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell. Here, large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces.

Endoplasmic reticulum

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Genes

Regions of DNA within each chromosome.

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Regions of DNA within each chromosome.

Genes

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Karyotype

Picture (classification) of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure.

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Picture (classification) of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure.

Karyotype

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Metabolism

Total of the chemical processes in a cell. It includes catabolism and anabolism.

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Total of the chemical processes in a cell. It includes catabolism and anabolism.

Metabolism

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Mitochondria

Rod-shaped structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy (mini power plants) for the cell. *think MIGHTY mitochondria
Catabolism is the process that occurs in mitochondria.

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Rod-shaped structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy (mini power plants) for the cell. Catabolism occurs here.

Mitochondria

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Nucleus

Control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell.

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Control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell.

Nucleus

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Adipose tissue

Collection of fat cells

Adipose tissue

cartilage

Flexible, connective tissue often attached to bones at joints. Cartilage forms part of the external ear and the nose. Rings of cartilage surround the trachea.

Cartilage

Epithelial cells

Skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs

Epithelial cells

Histologist

Specialist in the study of tissues

Larynx

Voice box; located above the trachea

Pharynx

Throat. The pharynx serves as the common passageway for food (mouth to esophagus) and air (most to trachea).

Pituitary gland

Endocrine gland at the base of the brain

Thyroid gland

Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck

Trachea

Windpipe (tube leading from the throat and larynx to the bronchial tubes)

Ureter

One of two tubes each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder *hint: ureter has two e’s, and there are two ureters

Urethra

Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body * hint: urethra has one e, and there is only one urethra

Uterus

Womb; the organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops

Viscera

Internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen

Abdominal cavity

Space below the chest containing organs, such as the liver, stomach gallbladder and intestines; also called the abdomen or peritoneal cavity

Abdominal cavity

Cranial cavity

Space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull. Cranial means pertaining to the skull.

Space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull.

Cranial cavity

Diaphragm

Muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The diaphragm moves up and down and aids in breathing.

Muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities.

Diaphragm

Dorsal (posterior)

Pertaining to the back

Dorsal (posterior)

Mediastinum

Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs

Mediastinum

Pelvic cavity

Space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder and reproductive organs. Pelvic means pertaining to the pelvis, composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity.

Space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder and reproductive organs.

Pelvic cavity

Peritoneum

Double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum attaches abdominal viscera to muscles and functions as a protective membrane around the organs

Double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity

Peritoneum

Pleura

Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung. Pleural means pertaining to the plueura.

Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung.

Pleura

Pleural cavity

Space between the pleural layers

Pleural cavity

Spinal cavity

Space within the spinal column containing the spinal cord

Thoracic cavity

Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs

Thoracic cavity

Ventral

Pertaining to the front (anterior)

Right and left upper regions beneath the ribs

Hypochondriac

Middle upper region above the stomach

Epigastric

Right and left middle regions near the waist

Lumbar

Central region near the naval

Umbilical

Right and left lower regions near the groin. Also called iliac regions

Inguinal

Middle lower region below the umbilical region

Hypogastric

Contains the liver (right lobe), gallbladder part of the pancreas parts of the small and large intestines

Right upper quadrant RUQ

Contains the liver (left lobe), stomach spleen, part of the pancreas parts of the small and large intestines

Left upper quadrant LUQ

Contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter

Right lower quadrant RLQ

Contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

Left lower quadrant LLQ

Division of the back: cervical

Neck region (C1-C7)

Division of the back: thoracic

Chest region (T1-T12)

Division of the back: lumbar

Loin (waist) region (L1-L5)

Division of the back: Sacral

Region of the sacrum (S1-S5)

Division of the back: coccygeal

Region of the coccyx (tailbone)

Single backbone

Vertebra

Backbones

Vertebrae

Bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity

Spinal column

Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity

Spinal cord

Pad of cartilage between vertebrae

Disc

Front surface of the body

Anterior or ventral

Away from the surface

Deep

Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure

Distal

Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

Frontal (coronal) plane

Below another structure; pertaining to the lower portion of the body

Inferior

Pertaining to the side

Lateral

Pertaining to the middle, or near the medial plane of the body

Medial

Back surface of the body

Posterior or dorsal

Lying on the belly (face down, palms down)

Prone

Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure

Proximal

Lengthwise, vertical plane, dividing the body or structure into right and left sides

Sagittal (lateral) plane

On the surface

Superficial

Above another structure; pertaining to the head

Superior (cephalic)

Laying on the back (face up palms up)

Supine (*hint: laying supine is on your spine)

Horizontal (cross-sectional) plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions

Transverse (axial) plane

Abdomin/o

Abdomen

Adip/o

Fat

anter/o

Front

cervic/o

Neck (of the body or of the uterus)

chondr/o

Cartilage (type of connective tissue)

chrom/o

Color

coccyg/o

Coccyx (tailbone)

crani/o

Skull

cyt/o

Cell

dist/o

Far, distant

dors/o

Back portion of the body

hist/o

Tissue

ili/o

ilium (upper part of the hip bone)

inguin/o

Groin

kary/o

Nucleus

later/o

Side

lumb/o

Lower back

medi/o

Middle

nucle/o

Nucleus

pelv/i

Pelvis

pharyng/o

Pharynx (throat)

poster/o

Back, behind

proxim/o

Nearest

sacr/o

Sacrum

sarc/o

Flesh

spin/o

Spine, backbone

thel/o, theli/o

Nipple

thorac/o

Chest

trache/o

Trachea, windpipe

umbilic/o

Navel, umbilicus

ventr/o

Belly side of the body

vertebr/o

Vertebra(e), backbone(s)

Viscer/o

Internal organs

ana-

cata-

Down

epi-

Above

hypo-

Below

inter-

Between

intra-

Within

meta-

Change

-eal

Pertaining to (also: -iac, -ior)

-iac

Pertaining to (also: -eal, -ior)

-ior

Pertaining to (also: -eal, -iac)

-ism

Process, condition

-ose

Pertaining to, full of

-plasm

Formation

-somes

Bodies

-type

Picture, classification

Chapter 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole Flashcards

(145 cards)