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Biology > Chapter 2 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Test Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

ecology

A

studies the relationships between organisms and their environments

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2
Q

what is the Biosphere?

A

portion of Earth that supports life

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3
Q

what does the biosphere include?

A

land masses, bodies of freshwater and saltwater, rainforests, and any other habitats that support life

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4
Q

how is the biosphere constructed?

A
  • Biosphere forms a thin layer around the Earth

- Extends several kilometers above and below Earth’s surface into the atmosphere and ocean’s surface/ocean vents

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5
Q

what do ecologists study?

A

living and nonliving factors

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6
Q

living factors

A

biotic factors

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7
Q

nonliving factors

A

abiotic factors

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8
Q

fish, algae, frogs, microscopic organisms, etc.

A

biotic factors

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9
Q

temperature, air/water currents, sunlight, soil type, weather, rocks, etc.

A

abiotic factors

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10
Q

an organism adjusts to its ______ _______

A

abiotic factors

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11
Q

levels of organization (entire)

A 
Chemical Level
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
Population
Biological community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
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12
Q

levels of organization (chemical level)

A 
Chemical Level
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
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13
Q

levels of organization (in the biosphere)

A 
Population
Biological community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
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14
Q

organism

A

single living thing (ex. animals, plants, bacteria, protists, etc.)

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15
Q

population

A

same species, same place, same time

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16
Q

biological community

A

100% biotic factors

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17
Q

biome

A

same type of communities

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18
Q

biosphere

A

all biomes located in biosphere, atmosphere is important to biosphere

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19
Q

ecosystem reactions

A

important…they help chances for survival

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20
Q

habitat

A

where organisms live

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21
Q

niche

A

role or position that an organism plays in the environment

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22
Q

organism’s niche examples

A

how it meets its needs for food, shelter, reproduction (ex. living space, temperature, moisture, etc.)

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23
Q

predation

A

the act of one organism pursuing and consuming another organism for food

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24
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

some species survive because of symbiotic relationships

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25
Symbiosis
close relationship that exists between two or more species live together
26
Mutualism
relationship between two or more organisms that live closely together (both are beneficial)
27
Commensalism
relationship in which one organism is beneficial and the other is neither helped nor harmed
28
Parasitism
one organism benefits and the other is harmed
29
three kinds of symbiotic relationships
mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
30
autotrophs
Green plants/other organisms that produce their own food by collecting energy from sunlight
31
Heterotrophs
Gets its energy from eating other organisms, consumers
32
kinds of heterotrophs
herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores
33
herbivores
only eats plants (ex. cow, rabbit, grasshopper)
34
carnivores
only eats meat (ex. wolves, lions, lynxes)
35
omnivores
eats both meat and plants (ex. bears, mockingbirds, humans)
36
Detritivores
Eat fragments of dead matter in an ecosystem, decomposers (ex. worms, aquatic creatures, fungi, bacteria)
37
All heterotrophs perform some type of __________ when consuming other organisms
decomposition
38
Trophic Levels
each step in a food chain/web
39
first level
autotrophs
40
remaining levels of the trophic levels
heterotrophs
41
organisms get energy from
trophic level before it
42
food chains
arrows represent energy flow
43
food webs
more complex than food chains, because some organisms feed on more than one organism
44
Ecological Pyramids
Shows relative amounts of energy, biomass, or number of organisms in each trophic level
45
biomass
the total amount of living matter in each trophic level
46
biomass of producer
100%
47
biomass of primary consumers
10%
48
biomass of secondary consumers
1%
49
biomass of third-level consumers
0.1%
50
as trophic levels increase--
you keep moving the decimal to the left to determine biomass
51
Entropy
the amount of thermal energy that is unavailable (10% rule)
52
a loss of __% from one trophic level to the next
90%
53
water cycle
1. Surface Water 2. Evaporation- water to water vapor 3. Condensation- form of clouds 4. Precipitation- rain, snow, sleet, etc. 5. Percolation- water soaked up by soil 6. Groundwater- percolation water goes 7. Transpiration- as one molecule evaporates, they pull more molecules up with them 8. Runoff- All water ends up returning to surface water 9. Erosion- Returns to surface water 10. Back to surface water
54
Humidity
measure of water vapor in the air
55
90% water vapor comes from ______ _____ and 10% water vapor comes from __________
surface water, transpiration
56
how much water vapor comes from surface water?
90%
57
how much water vapor comes from transpiration?
10%
58
the world's water in freshwater and saltwater
3% freshwater and 97% saltwater
59
frozen freshwater (out of the 3%)
2%
60
amount of freshwater available to humans (out of the 3%)
1%
61
freshwater/saltwater cycling
Evaporation is always turning saltwater into freshwater; melting ice caps is turning freshwater into saltwater
62
evaporation
water to water vapor
63
condensation
forming of clouds
64
precipation
rain, snow, sleet, etc.
65
percolation
water soaked up by soil
66
Groundwater
percolation water goes
67
Transpiration
as one molecule evaporates, they pull more molecules up with them
68
runoff/erosion
All water ends up returning to surface water
69
Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
1. Respiration, Decomposition, and Combustion (burning fuels)- uses oxygen to put carbon dioxide into the air 2. Photosynthesis- only thing that turns carbon dioxide into oxygen
70
combustion
burning fossil fuels
71
respiration, decomposition, and combustion
use oxygen to put carbon dioxide into the air
72
photosynthesis
turns carbon dioxide into oxygen
73
Long-term cycle (carbon/oxygen cycle)
making of fossil fuels, rock formations
74
Short-term cycle (carbon/oxygen cycle)
burning of fossil fuels, photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition
75
nitrogren cycle
1. Nitrogen fixation- nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria transferring bad nitrogen from air, into good nitrogen for plants, animals 2. Denitrification- nitrogen turning back into atmospheric nitrogen
76
nitrogen fixation
nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria transferring bad nitrogen from air, into good nitrogen for plants, animals
77
Denitrification
nitrogen turning back into atmospheric nitrogen
78
Phosphorus Cycle
1. Phosphorus comes from rocks 2. Plants need phosphorus, they get this by phosphorus erosion from rocks. Plants soak up this erosion to grow. Animals eat plants, we eat animals, etc. 3. Decomposition puts it back into the soil for the cycle to continue
79
Short-term cycle (phosphorus cycle)
plants to absorb phosphorus, decomposition
80
Long-term cycle (phosphorus cycle)
breaking down rocks

Biology (5 decks)

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