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Biology > Chapter 7 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Test Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Named the cell

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

When did Robert Hooke name the cell?

A

Mid 1600’s

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3
Q

How did he name the cell?

A

by looking at a cork–and thought the little holes looked like “cells” for monks

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4
Q

Where was the epicenter of science?

A

Europe

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5
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek invent in the late 1600’s in Europe?

A

a newer type of microscope

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6
Q

Who discovers what is later to be classified as the nucleus?

A

Robert Brown (1800’s in Europe)

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7
Q

1838- Schleiden discovers…

A

all plants are made of cells

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8
Q

1839- Schwann discovers…

A

all animals are made of cells

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9
Q

Schleiden and Schwann came up with the ______ ________

A

cell theory

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10
Q

Mid 1800’s- Rudolph Varkow discovers…

A

with time-lapse photography that one cell divided into two

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11
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function or organisms.
  3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
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12
Q

How much can a light microscope magnify?

A

up to 1,000 times

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13
Q

Base

A

supports the microscope

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14
Q

Arm

A

used to carry the microscope

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15
Q

Stage

A

platform where the slide with specimen is placed

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16
Q

Stage Clips

A

holds the slides into place

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17
Q

Eyepiece/Ocular Lens

A

magnifies the image for the viewer (usually 10x power)

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18
Q

Objective Lens

A

low/high power lens that magnify the specimen (multiply lens to get the total magnification)

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19
Q

Coarse adjustment

A

large knob used for focusing the image under low-power

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20
Q

Fine adjustment

A

smaller knob used for focusing the image with the high-power objective

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21
Q

Diaphragm

A

controls the amount of light that passes through the specimen

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22
Q

Light Source

A

provides light for viewing the specimen

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23
Q

What does an Electron Microscope use?

A

Uses magnets and electrons

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24
Q

How much can an Electron Microscope magnify?

A

up to 500,000 times

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25
How many types of electron microscopes are there?
3 (SEM, TEM, and STEM)
26
SEM- Scanning Electron Microscope
- topography/composition of the cell | - looking at a surface
27
TEM- Transmission Electron Microscope
- Allows to see into the cell | - Transmitted through a cell
28
STEM- Scanning Tunneling Electron Microscope
- Can see clusters of molecules | - Imaging surfaces at the molecular/atomic level
29
How much does a Stereoscope/Stereomicroscope magnify?
About 10-20 times
30
What is a stereoscope/stereomicroscope used for?
larger specimens (almost like a magnifying glass)
31
Plasma membrane
a special boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell
32
Organelles
specialized structures that carry out specific cell functions
33
Eukaryotic cells
contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes, also referred to as membrane-bound organelles
34
Nucleus
distinct central organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA
35
Prokaryotic cells
cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
36
Selective permeability
controls what, when, and how much goes in and out of the cell
37
phospholipid bilayer
plasma membrane is composed of--two layers of phospholipids are arranged tail-to-tail
38
Transport proteins
create tunnels through which certain substances (food, waste) enter and leave the cell
39
Fluid mosaic model
The fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes
40
Cytoplasm
the environment inside the plasma membrane is a semifluid material
41
Cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers that holds the cell together | eukaryotic cells
42
Microtubules
long, hollow protein cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances within the cell
43
Microfilaments
thin protein threads that help give the cell shape and enable the entire cell or parts of the cell to move.
44
Nuclear envelope
similar to the plasma membrane, except the nuclear membrane has nuclear pores that allow larger sized substances to move in and out of the nucleus.
45
Chromatin
complex DNA attached to protein, and is spread throughout the nucleus
46
Ribosomes
manufacture proteins
47
Nucleolus
site of ribosome production
48
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
folded sacs/interconnected channels--site for protein and lipid synthesis
49
Golgi apparatus
flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into sacs called vesicles
50
Vacuole
sac used to store food, enzymes, and other materials needed by a cell
51
Lysosome
digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, bacteria and viruses
52
Centrioles
organelles made of microtubules that function during cell division
53
Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell--converts food particles into energy
54
Chloroplasts
capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis
55
Cell Wall
thick, rigid, mesh of fibers that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane (only plant cells)
56
Cilia
stick outside of the cell--short, numerous
57
Flagella
stick outside of the cell--longer and less numerous than cilia
58
Diffusion
net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
59
Dynamic Equilibrium
condition of continuous, random movement of particles but no overall change in the concentration of materials
60
Facilitated diffusion
passive transport of ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane by transport proteins
61
Osmosis
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
62
Isotonic Solution
same concentration of water and solutes as inside a cell (equal)
63
Hypotonic Solution
low concentration of solute--more water outside trying to get in (lots of pressure going into cell)
64
Active Transport
energy-requiring process- substances move across the plasma membrane against a concentration gradient
65
Endocytosis
energy-requiring process by which large substances from the outside environment can enter the cell
66
Exocytosis
energy-requiring process by which a cell expels wastes and secretes substances at the plasma membrane
67
Hypertonic Solution
higher concentration of solute outside the cell, causing water to leave the cell by osmosis (shriveled)
68
Na+/K+ ATPase pump
active transport--maintains level of sodium/potassium ions | 3 na out, 2 K in

Biology (5 decks)

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