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Psyc1100 > Chapter 2: The Biology of Mind > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Biology of Mind Flashcards

1
Q

What did the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates do?

A

he correctly located the mind in the brain, it is the brain that falls in love not the heart.

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1
Q

What did Aristotle believe regarding the mind?

A

he believed that the mind was in the heart

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2
Q

What did German physician Franz Gall propose and explain it.

A

He proposed that phrenology, studying bumps on the skull, could reveal a persons mental ability and character traits

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3
Q

What does localization of function mean?

A

the idea that various brain regions have particular functions

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4
Q

What is biological psychology?

A

the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes

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5
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

the brains ability to change by building new pathways after having new experiences, changes the most in childhood

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6
Q

What was Marian Diamond responsible for?

A

she was a neuroscientist who helped understand how experience changes the brain. She also analyzed Albert Einsteins brain.

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7
Q

Animals differ yet…

A

their nervous system operate similarly

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8
Q

What is the basic building block of the nervous system?

A

neurons which are nerve cells

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9
Q

What is the cell body of a neuron?

A

the cell body is the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus

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10
Q

What is the dendrite of a neuron?

A

the bushy, branching, extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses towards the cell body

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11
Q

What is the axon of a neuron?

A

the axon passes the message through its branches to other neurons/muscles/glands

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12
Q

Are dendrites short or long, are axons short or long?

A

dendrites are short but axons can be very long and even several feet long

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13
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

it is a layer of fatty tissue that surrounds axons and insulates them and makes sure the signal does not disappear

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14
Q

What happens when the myelin sheath degenerates?

A

multiple sclerosis happens which is when communication to brain and body slows down, decreasing muscle control, and impaired cognition

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15
Q

What are glial cells aka glia

A

cells in the nervous system that support, protect, and nourish neurons and also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory

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16
Q

Did albert einstein have more than average neurons?

A

not really, but he had more glial cells

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17
Q

A neuron sends a message by firing an impulse called?

A

action potential which is an electrical charge that travels down an axon

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18
Q

Fluid outside axon membrane vs axons fluid interior?

A

outside: positively charged sodium ions inside: negative charge

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19
Q

the axons surface is?

A

selectively permeable

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20
Q

the positive/outside negative inside state is called the?

A

resting potential

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21
Q

most neural signals are?

A

excitatory

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22
Q

what is a threshold?

A

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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23
Q

what is the refractory period?

A

in neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired, its basically a resting pause because neurons need short breaks

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24
Q

what is the all or none response?

A

a neurons reaction of either firing or not firing

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25
Q

what is the meeting point between neurons called and who named it?

A

sherrington called the meeting point between neurons a synapse

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26
Q

what is a synapse?

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron

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27
Q

When an action potential reaches the terminals at the axons end, it triggers the release of?

A

neurotransmitters

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28
Q

neurotransmitters?

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons.

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29
Q

reuptake?

A

a neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron

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30
Q

Acetylcholine?

A

enables muscle action, learning, and memory

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31
Q

Dopamine?

A

movement, learning, attention, and emotion

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32
Q

Serotonin?

A

mood, hunger, sleep, arousal

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33
Q

Norepinephrine?

A

helps control alertness

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34
Q

Gaba?

A

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

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35
Q

Glutamate?

A

a major excitatory neurotransmitter

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36
Q

Endorphins?

A

neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain or pleasure

37
Q

What happens if acetylcholine transmission is blocked?

A

muscles cant contract and we become paralyzed

38
Q

endorphins?

A

natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure

39
Q

Agonist?

A

a molecule that increases a neurotransmitters actions, some opiates are agonists

40
Q

Antagonist?

A

a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitters action

41
Q

neurons communicating via neurotransmitters make up the bodys?

A

nervous system

42
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

the bodys communication network with the peripheral and central nervous system

43
Q

what is the central nervous system?

A

made of brain and spinal cord: it is the bodys decision maker

44
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system?

A

gathers information and transmits cns decisions to other body parts

45
Q

what are nerves?

A

bundled axons that connect cns with muscles and glands

46
Q

sensory neurons?

A

sensory neurons: carry messages to the brain and spinal cord AFFERENT

47
Q

motor neurons?

A

carry instructions from the cns to the bodys muscle and glands: EFFERENT

48
Q

interneurons?

A

between sensory input and motor output, information is processed via interneurons, the body has BILLIONS of these

49
Q

peripheral nervous system consists of what two components?

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system: somatic is voluntary control aka skeletal nervous system and the autonomic is involuntary movement like the heart beating

50
Q

subdivisons of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic nervous system: the division of the ans that arouses the body
parasympathetic nervous system: the division of the ans that calms the body

51
Q

how many neurons does the brain have?

A

86 billion neurons

52
Q

just as individual pixels combine to form a picture, the brains neurons cluster into groups called?

A

neural networks

53
Q

spinal cord connects?

A

pns and brain

54
Q

whats a reflex?

A

a simple automatic response to a sensory stimulus, knee jerk reflex

55
Q

what is the second communication system interconnected with the nervous system?

A

endocrine system: which contains glands and fat tissue that secrete another kind of chemical messenger: hormones.

56
Q

hormone?

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands: travel through the blood stream

57
Q

in moments of danger, what tells what to release what?

A

the ans tells the adrenal glands to to release epinephrine and norepinephrine which are hormones that increase heart rate, bp, and blood sugar giving energy

58
Q

adrenal glands?

A

a pair of endocrine glands that sit above kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse body in times of stress

59
Q

whats the most influential endocrine gland and what is it controlled by?

A

pituitary gland which is controlled by the hypothalamus.

60
Q

lesion?

A

tissue destruction: brain lesion natural or experimental

61
Q

what is optogenetics?

A

a technique that allows neuroscientists to control the activity of individual neurons

62
Q

electroencephalogram

A

test that measures electrical activity in the brain using small electrodes attached to the scalp

63
Q

magnetoencephalography

A

brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields of brain

64
Q

positron emission tomography

A

technique for detecting brain activity where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

65
Q

magnetic resonance imaging

A

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of soft tissue and a functional mri can reveal brains functioning and structure

66
Q

what is the brainstem?

A

oldest part and central core of the brain, automatic survival functions: its also the crossover point

67
Q

what is the medulla?

A

base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

68
Q

pons?

A

coordinates movements and control sleep

69
Q

thalamus?

A

the brains sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem, transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

70
Q

reticular formation?

A

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus; filters info and plays a role in controlling arousal

71
Q

cerebellum?

A

little brain: rear of brain stem: nonverbal learning and memory: coordinating movement and balance, judge time, discriminate textures and sounds

72
Q

what are the cerebral hemispheres?

A

the two halves of the brain

73
Q

limbic system?

A

neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres: associated with emotions and drives. CONTAINS AMYGDALA, HIPPOCAMPUS, AND HYPOTHALAMUS

74
Q

amygdala?

A

two bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system that enables aggression and fear, linked to emotion

75
Q

hypothalamus?

A

structure in the limbic system below the thalamus, directs maintenance activities such as eating drinking body temp

76
Q

hippocampus?

A

a seahorse shaped brain structure processes conscious, explicit memories: the size and function decreases as we grow older

77
Q

cerebrum?

A

two cerebral hemispheres contribute 85% of the brains weight

78
Q

cerebral cortex?

A

thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres: the bodys ultimate control and information processing center

79
Q

each hemispheres cortex is subdivided into 4 lobes including?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

80
Q

frontal lobe?

A

involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgement

81
Q

parietal lobe?

A

receives sensory input for touch and body position

82
Q

occipital lobe?

A

receive information from the visual feilds

83
Q

temporal lobes?

A

receive information primarily from the opposite ear

84
Q

motor cortex?

A

cerebral cortex area at rear of frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

85
Q

somatosensory cortex?

A

a cerebral cortex area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

86
Q

association areas?

A

areas of cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions but involved in : LEARNING, REMEMBERING, THINKING, AND SPEAKING

87
Q

neurogenesis?

A

the formation of new neurons

88
Q

corpus callosum?

A

large band of neural fibres connecting 2 brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

89
Q

split brain?

A

a condition resulting from surgery that separates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibres connecting them

Psyc1100 (9 decks)

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