Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ARRT (Abdominal US) > Chapter 2 The Liver > Flashcards

Chapter 2 The Liver Flashcards

1
Q

_____ describes the transverse image taken of the porta hepatis

A

Mickey sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The ____ carries oxygenated blood to the liver from the abdominal aorta

A

Common hepatic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The porta hepatis may also be referred to as

A

Liver Hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Scanning after a meal will often demonstrate an increase in

A

Portal vein flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Normal flow within the portal veins should be:

A

Hepatopetal and monophasic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Enlargement of the portal veins is often indicative of

A

Portal hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The blood within the portal vein is partially oxygenated because it is derived from the:

A

Intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The ______ provides the liver with approximately 75% of its total blood supply

A

Portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The main portal vein is created by the union of the

A

SMV & Splenic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The main portal vein enters the liver at the _______

A

Porta hepatis (liver hilum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The ______ has its own separate blood supply and venous drainage, it’s the smallest hepatic lobe

A

Caudate lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The ______ is used to separate the liver into eight surgical segments

A

Couinaud system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The liver is covered by _____, a thin fibrous casing

A

Glisson capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The left lobe of the liver is located;

A

Within the epigastrium and may transverse the midline and extend into the left hypochondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The right lobe of the liver is located

A

RUQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

______ is the largest parenchymal organ in the body

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In early embryonic life, the liver is responsible for:

A

Hemopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

E. Granulosus is associated with

A

Hydatid liver cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The childhood syndrome beckwith-weidermann is associated with an increased risk for developing:

A

Hepatoblastoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Clinical findings of hepatocellular carcinoma (3):

A
  1. Elevated AFP
  2. Abnormal liver function test (LFTs)
  3. Cirrhosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

______ is considered the most common benign childhood hepatic mass

A

Infantile Hemangioendothelioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_____ is often associated with the use of oral contraceptives

A

Hepatic adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

_____ is the most common form of liver cancer

A

Metastatic liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Normal flow toward the liver in the portal veins is termed

A

Hepatopetal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Common sequela of cirrhosis includes:

A
  1. Portal hypertension
  2. Varicosities in abdomen
  3. Portal vein thrombosis
  4. Splenomegaly
  5. HCC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What form of hepatic abnormality are immunocompromised patients more prone to develop?

A

Candidiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Clinical findings of hepatitis (9):

A
  1. Chills
  2. Dark urine
  3. Elevated LFTs
  4. Fatigue
  5. Fever
  6. Hepatosplenomegaly
  7. Jaundice
  8. Nausea
  9. Vomiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The most common cause of cirrhosis:

A

Cholangitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Sonographically, when the liver is difficult to penetrate and diffusely echogenic, this is indicative of?

A

Fatty liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Shortly after birth, the ductus venosus collapse and becomes the:

A

Ligamentum venosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Clinical findings of fatty liver disease (8):

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Alcohol abuse
  3. Chemotherapy
  4. Diabetes mellitus
  5. Elevated LFTs
  6. Hyperlipidemia
  7. Obesity
  8. Pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

____ is the leading indication for liver transplantation in the U.S.A

A

Hepatitis C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The inferior extension of the caudate lobe is referred to as:

A

Papillary process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Normal flow within the hepatic veins is said to be:

A

Triphasic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The left umbilical vein after birth becomes the:

A

Ligamentum teres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The left portal vein divides into:

A

Medial and lateral branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

A tongue like extension of the right lobe of the liver is termed:

A

Riedel lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Buds-chiari syndrome leads to a reduction in the size of:

A

Hepatic veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Normal flow within the hepatic artery should demonstrate a:

A

Low-resistance wave form pattern, with a quick upstroke and gradual deceleration with diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

_______ have brighter walls that the hepatic veins

A

Portal veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The right lobe of the liver can be divided into:

A

Anterior and posterior segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The diameter of the portal vein should not exceed:

A

13mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The right portal vein divides into:

A

Anterior and posterior branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The TIPS shunt is placed:

A

Between a portal vein and hepatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The right lobe of the liver is divided into segments by the:

A

Right hepatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The right Intersegmental fissure contains the:

A

Right hepatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The main portal vein divides into:

A

Left and right branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The Ligamentum teres can be used to separate the:

A

Medial and lateral segments of the left lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The main lobar tissue contains the:

A

Middle hepatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the three structures located within the porta hepatis

A

•main portal vein
•CBD
•hepatic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Right sided heart failure often leads to enlargement of the:

A

IVC and hepatic veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The right lobe can be divided into an anterior and posterior segment by the:

A

Right hepatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where does the right hepatic vein lie:

A

Within the right intersegmental fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The right lobe can be separated from the left lobe by the:

A

Middle hepatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where does the middle hepatic vein lie:

A

Within the main lobar fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The caudate lobe can be separated from the left lobe by the:

A

Ligamentum venosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

As the main portal vein enters the liver it splits into the:

A

Right and left portal veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

The hepatic veins drain into the:

A

IVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

The _____ veins increase in size as they approach the diaphragm

A

Hepatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

______ have a triphasic blood flow pattern

A

Hepatic veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Occlusion or narrowing of the hepatic veins is seen with:

A

Budd-chiari syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

In utero, the umbilical vein supplies the fetus with:

A

Oxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

The umbilical vein travels to the liver and bifurcates into a:

A

Left and right branche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

_____ shunts blood directly into the fetal IVC

A

Ductus venosum (right branch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

The Ligamentum teres ascends along the:

A

Falciforme ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

The Ligamentum venosum can be seen:

A

Anterior to the caudate lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

The falciform ligament in transverse can be seen between the:

A

Left and right hepatic lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Riedel lobe is most often seen in:

A

Women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Riedel lobe may extend inferiorly as far as the:

A

Iliac crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

The normal liver is:

A

Homogeneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

The liver is slightly less echogenic than the:

A

Spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

When compared with the pancreas, the liver is slightly

A

Less echogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

The liver measures approximately

A

13 - 15cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Fatty liver disease is also known as:

A

Hepatic steatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

_____ is acquired and reversible

A

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

The cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease include (6):

A
  1. starvation
  2. obesity
  3. chemotherapy
  4. diabetes mellitus
  5. hyperlipidemia
  6. pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Metabolic syndrome can lead to:

A

Steatohepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Focal fatty infiltration and focal fatty sparing can occur in:

A

The same place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

The signs of sparing and infiltration are seen:

A

Adjacent to the gallbladder, near the porta hepatis and the left medial segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

____ is said to resolve within 4 months

A

Acute hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

_____ persists beyond 6 months

A

Chronic hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

The left lobe of the liver can be divided into

A

Medial and lateral segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

The thin fibrous casing of the liver is the

A

Glisson capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

The hepatic veins are considered intersegmental and interlobar because they are:

A

Located between the segments and the lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Shortly after birth, the ductus venosus collapses and becomes the:

A

Ligamentum venosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

The left umbilical vein connects directly to the:

A

Left portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

After birth the left umbilical vein becomes a fibrous cord known as the:

A

Ligamentum Teres (round ligament)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Ligamentum Teres is potentially identifiable with sonography within the:

A

Lower margins of the falciform ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

_____ can be described as a tongue like extension of the right hepatic lobe

A

Riedel lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

To differentiate Riedel lobe from hepatomegaly, one could exam the:

A

Left lobe for coexisting enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

The patient should fast for a period of _____ if the entire RUQ is to be evaluated

A

8 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

The echogencity of the liver is either equal to or slightly greater than the parenchyma of the:

A

Right kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Hepatomegaly is often suspected if the liver measures greater than _____ in the midhepatic line

A

15.5cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

______is a disorder characterized by fatty deposits (triglycerides) within the hepatocytes

A

Fatty liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

______ has been cited as the most common liver disorder in the western world

A

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Fatty liver disease is also the hepatic manifestation of a disorder known as

A

Metabolic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

______ is inflammation of the liver disease leading to FIBROSIS, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Steatohepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

_____ will cause the liver to appear diffusely echogenic and it will be more difficult to penetrate

A

Diffuse infiltration

99
Q

Clinical findings of fatty liver disease (8):

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Alcohol abuse
  3. Chemotherapy
  4. Diabetes mellitus
  5. Elevated LFTs
  6. Hyperlipidemia
  7. Obesity
  8. Pregnancy
100
Q

____ is inflammation of the liver, which can ultimately lead to cirrhosis, portal hypertension and HCC

A

Hepatitis

101
Q

A benign liver mass composed of a combination of hepatocytes and fibrous tissue that typically contains a central scar

A

Focal nodular hyperplasia

102
Q

The left lobe of the liver can be separated from the right lobe by the

A

Middle hepatic vein

103
Q

______ is typically transmitted through contaminated water found in places such as Mexico, Central America, South America, Asia, India, and Africa

A

Amebic liver abscess

104
Q

An abscess that develops from a parasite that grows in the colon and invades the liver via the portal vein

A

Amebic hepatic abscess

105
Q

____ is the largest lobe in the liver

A

Right hepatic lobe

106
Q

The only part of the liver not covered by peritoneum

A

Bare area

107
Q

Where is the liver measurement taken at:

A

Right mid clavicular line

108
Q

The liver measurement is done:

A

Cranial to caudal

109
Q

The left lobe of the liver is best imaged:

A

Midline inferior to the xiphoid with deep held inspiration

110
Q

Cirrhosis caused by hepatitis will lead to the development of

A

Larger nodules that measure between 1-5cm

111
Q

Cirrhosis caused by alcoholism will lead to the development of:

A

Larger nodules that measure less than 1cm

112
Q

Sonographic findings of cirrhosis include (5):

A
  1. Echogenic, small right lobe
  2. Enlarged caudate and left lobe
  3. Nodular surface irregularity
  4. Ascites
  5. Splenomegaly
113
Q

Cirrhosis can also be caused by

A

•Wilson disease
•primary biliary cirrhosis
•hepatitis
•cholangitis
•hemochromatosis

114
Q

Common sequela of cirrhosis includes (5):

A
  1. Portal hypertension
  2. Varicosities development within the abdomen
  3. Portal vein thrombosis
  4. Splenomegaly
  5. HCC
115
Q

_____ is a liver disorder that is defined as hepatocyte death, fibrosis and necrosis of the liver and the subsequent development of regenerating nodules

A

Cirrhosis

116
Q

In the presence of hepatitis the gallbladder wall may be

A

Thickened

117
Q

Sonographically the periportal cuffing is known as:

A

“Starry sky” sign

118
Q

_____ is an increase in the echogencity of the walls of the portal triads

A

Periportal cuffing

119
Q

As the liver enlarges, it tends to become

A

More hypoechoic

120
Q

Bilirubin exposure in newborns is also known as

A

Kernicterus

121
Q

In newborns, brain damage can occur with severe jaundice as a result of:

A

Bilirubin exposure

122
Q

Jaundice related hepatitis is known as

A

Nonobstructive Jaundice

123
Q

_____ relates to hepatitis is on a cellular level and is not associated with biliary obstruction

A

Jaundice

124
Q

_____ is characterized by disproportionate absorption of dietary iron

A

Hemochromatosis

125
Q

Chronic hepatitis can be caused by (4):

A
  1. Wilson disease
  2. Hemochromatosis
  3. Autoimmune disorder
  4. Drug induced
126
Q

Hepatitis may be triggered by reactions to systemic viruses such as:

A

•HSV
•Epstein-Barr virus

127
Q

_____ is the leading indication for liver transplantation in the United States

A

Hepatitis C

128
Q

Hepatitis C is spread by contact with

A

•blood
•body fluid

129
Q

Hepatitis B is spread by contact with:

A

•contaminated body fluid
•mother to infant
•inadvertent blood contact

130
Q

Hepatitis A is spread by

A

Fecal-oral route in contaminated water or food

131
Q

The two most common forms are hepatitis:

A

•A
•B

132
Q

List all the forms of hepatitis:

A

•A
•B
•C
•D
•E
•G

133
Q

_____ causes the body to accumulate excess copper

A

Wilson disease

134
Q

The posterior surface of the right lobe of the liver are marked by three fossae:

A

•the porta hepatis
•the gallbladder
•IVC

135
Q

The right lobe of the liver occupies the

A

Right hypochondrium

136
Q

With portal hypertension the coronary vein will demonstrate abnormal flow toward the ________ and will measure ________

A

*Esophagus
*Greater than 6mm

137
Q

In some individuals, the normal coronary vein can be seen arising from:

A

Splenic vein and extending superiorly toward the left

138
Q

Coronary vein AKA:

A

Left gastric vein

139
Q

Sonographic evidence of enlargement and reversed flow within the ________ may be seen with portal hypertension

A

Coronary vein

140
Q

With portal hypertension, the umbilical vein becomes open again and shunts blood away from the liver and into:

A

The inferior epigastric veins or superior epigastric vein

141
Q

Abdominal varicosities may be noted near the (3):

A
  1. Splenic hilum
  2. Renal hilum
  3. Gastroesophageal junction
142
Q

The umbilical vein is associated with :

A

•left portal vein
•Ligamentum Teres
•falciform ligament

143
Q

The stiffer the liver the more _____

A

Fibrosis present

144
Q

Possible Doppler findings in patients with cirrhosis include (2):

A
  1. Monophasic flow within the hepatic veins
  2. Hepatofungal flow within the portal veins
145
Q

_____ is the elevation of blood pressure within the portal venous system

A

Portal hypertension

146
Q

The most common cause of portal hypertension is:

A

Cirrhosis

147
Q

Normal flow towards the liver within the portal veins is termed ______

A

Hepatopetal

148
Q

With ______ the liver becomes fibrotic or scarred and more difficult to perfuse

A

Cirrhosis

149
Q

With cirrhosis, the blood traveling into the main portal vein meets ______

A

Greater vascular resistance

150
Q

Thrombus can completely _____ the portal vein

A

Occlude

151
Q

Portal vein thrombosis is seen in conditions such as (7):

A
  1. HCC
  2. Portal hypertension
  3. Pancreatitis
  4. Cholecystitis
  5. Pregnancy
  6. Oral contraceptives
  7. Surgery
152
Q

______ is the development of clots within the portal vein

A

Portal vein thrombosis

153
Q

_____ is most commonly caused by tumors from adjacent organs or lymphadenopathy

A

Portal vein compression

154
Q

Portal vein compression, which subsequently leads to ______

A

Portal vein obstruction

155
Q

Surgically placed shunts include

A

• Portocaval shunt
•splenorenal shunts
•mesocaval shunt

156
Q

______ may be placed to reduce the likelihood of complications resulting from portal hypertension

A

Surgical shunts

157
Q

_____ is an ominous sign of ruptured esophageal varices because it markedly increased mortality and morbidity

A

Hematemesis

158
Q

Budd-chiari syndrome will cause _____ of the IVC

A

Narrowing

159
Q

______ may also appear as a cyst within a cyst

A

Hydatid cyst

160
Q

Hydatid cyst debris is referred to as

A

Hydatid sand

161
Q

Hydatid cyst may appear as an

A

Anechoic mass containing some debris

162
Q

______ moves from the bowel through the portal vein to enter the liver

A

Echinococcus grandulosus

163
Q

_____ is a tapeworm that lives in dog feces

A

Echinococcus grandulosus

164
Q

Hydatid liver cysts develop most commonly from a parasite referred to as

A

Echinococcus grandulosus

165
Q

A Hydatid liver cyst is also known as

A

Echinococcal cyst

166
Q

Clinical findings of hepatic cysts (4):

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Possible normal LFTs
  3. ADPKD
  4. Hemorrhagic or large cysts may cause RUQ pain
167
Q

When pain occurs because of hepatic cysts, it may be due to

A

•hemorrhage
•infection
•secondary to mass effect

168
Q

Hepatic cysts are often associated with

A

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

169
Q

True hepatic cysts are usually not encountered until

A

Middle age

170
Q

Sonographic findings of Budd-Chianti syndrome (5):

A
  1. Nonvisualization or reduce visualization of the hepatic vein
  2. Thrombus within the hepatic veins
  3. Enlarged caudate lobe
  4. Narrowing of the IVC
  5. Lack of flow in the hepatic veins
171
Q

Sonographic findings of hepatic cysts (3):

A
  1. Anechoic mass(es) with posterior enhancement
  2. May have irregular shape
  3. Clusters of cysts May be noted
172
Q

Sonographic findings of hydatid liver cysts (4):

A
  1. Anechoic mass containing some debris (hydatid sand)
  2. ”Water lily” sign appears as an endocyst floating within the pericyst
  3. Mass May contain some elements of dense calcifications
  4. “Mother” cyst containing smaller cysts “daughter”
173
Q

Amebic abscesses are mostly found in the:

A

Right lobes of the liver near the capsule

174
Q

With time, thrombus will become more _______ and_______within the portal vein

A

•echogenic
•noticeable

175
Q

The ______of the portal veins will appear as wormlike or serpiginous vessels within the region of the portal vein

A

Cavernous transformation

176
Q

______ can also be the result of tumor invasion within the portal vein

A

Portal occlusion

177
Q

_____within the portal veins or mesenteric veins that result from ischemic bowel disease is typically fatal

A

Gas

178
Q

Portal venous gas Can be confused with ______

A

Pneumobilia

179
Q

_____ is air located within the biliary ducts

A

Pneumobilia

180
Q

Portosystemic collaterals and varicosities can develop within the abdomen as a result of body’s attempt to repair itself by:

A

channeling blood away from the damaged liver

181
Q

With greater vascular resistance the pressure within the_______increases resulting in portal hypertension

A

Portal veins

182
Q

The flow within the portal vein can eventually become reversed this is termed

A

Hepatofugal

183
Q

Shunting of the blood toward the esophagus increases the risk for ______

A

Esophageal hemorrhage and death

184
Q

Hepatofugal flow is _____ and _____

A

•irregular
•Stagnant

185
Q

Along with hepatofugal flow, the portal vein diameter will exceed ______in the anterior dimension and the SMV will exceed ______

A

•13mm
•10mm

186
Q

Hepatofugal flow increases the patients likelihood of developing:

A

Portal vein thrombosis

187
Q

Clinical features of portal hypertension often mimic_____

A

Cirrhosis

188
Q

Clinical findings of focal nodular hyperplasia

A

Asymptomatic

189
Q

Focal nodular hyperplasia is composed of a combination of:

A

Hepatocytes and fibrous tissue

190
Q

Clinical findings of a cavernous hemangioma (1);

A

Asymptomatic

191
Q

Sonographic findings of a cavernous hemangioma (2):

A
  1. Small, hyperechoic mass
  2. In the right lobe
192
Q

The most common benign liver tumor is the

A

Cavernous hemangioma

193
Q

Cavernous hemangioma measures

A

Less than 3cm but some are larger

194
Q

______can result from the spread of infection from inflammatory conditions

A

Pyogenic hepatic abscess

195
Q

_____ results from the spread of fungus, namely Candida albicans, in the blood to the liver

A

Hepatic candidiasis

196
Q

Clinical findings of hepatic candidiasis (4):

A
  1. Immunocompromised patients
  2. RUQ pain
  3. Fever
  4. Hepatomegaly
197
Q

Sonographic findings of a hepatocellular adenoma (2):

A
  1. Mostly HYPOECHOIC
  2. May be hyperechoic, isoechoic, or be comprised of mixed echogenicities
198
Q

Clinical findings of a hepatocellular adenoma (3):

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Oral contraceptives use
  3. Pain occurs with hemorrhage
199
Q

Sonographic findings of hepatic lipoma

A

Hyperechoic mass

200
Q

Clinical findings of hepatic lipoma (1):

A
  1. Asymptomatic
201
Q

Sonographic findings of hepatic hematoma (liver bruise) 3:

A
  1. Fresh clot may appear hyperechoic
  2. Older hemorrhage can appear anechoic or complex
  3. May be intrahepatic or subcapsular
202
Q

The 8 ligaments of the liver are:

A

• coronary ligament
•right triangular ligament
•left triangular ligament
•falciform ligament
•Ligamentum Teres
•Ligamentum venosum
•gastrohepatic ligament
•hepatoduodebal ligament

203
Q

_____ can appear solid or complex depending on their age

A

Hematomas

204
Q

Clinical findings of hepatic hematoma (4):

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Recent surgery
  3. Pain
  4. Decreased hematocrit
205
Q

The _____ will yield a hypoechoic rim, with the center of the mass often isoechoic to normal liver tissue

A

Target lesion

206
Q

Sonographic findings of hepatocellular carcinoma (3):

A
  1. Solitary, hypoechoic mass
  2. Heterogeneous masses scattered throughout the liver
  3. ”Target” or “bulls-eye” ascites
207
Q

HCC is most often seen in?

A

Men and frequently accompanied by cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis

208
Q

Diffuse metastasis Can produce an appearance of a nodular liver termed

A

Pseudocirrhosis

209
Q

Clinical findings of hepatic metastasis (6):

A
  1. Abnormal LFTs
  2. Weight loss
  3. Jaundice
  4. RUQ pain
  5. Hepatomegaly
  6. Abdominal swelling with ascites
210
Q

Metastatic cancer from the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas tends to be _____

A

Calcified tumors

211
Q

Clinical findings hepatocellular carcinoma (9):

A
  1. Elevated AFP
  2. Abnormal LFTs
  3. Cirrhosis
  4. Chronic hepatitis
  5. Unexplained weight loss
  6. Hepatomegaly
  7. Fever
  8. Palpable mass
  9. Abdominal swelling with ascites
212
Q

Sonographic findings of hepatic metastasis (4):

A
  1. Hyperechoic, hypoechoic calcified cystic or heterogeneous masses
  2. Mass demonstrating a hypoechoic rim and central echogenic region
  3. Diffusely heterogeneous liver
  4. Possible ascites
213
Q

_____ is the most common form of liver cancer

A

Metastatic liver disease

214
Q

What is the most common vascular complication of a liver transplantation

A

Hepatic artery thrombosis

215
Q

Sonographic findings of infantile hemangioendothelioma (2):

A
  1. Homogeneous or complex hepatic mass
  2. May contain calcifications or cystic spaces
216
Q

Sonographic findings of Hepatoblastoma (2):

A
  1. Solid, hyperechoic or heterogeneous mass
  2. Mass may contain some calcifications
217
Q

Clinical findings of Hepatoblastoma (malignant) 8:

A
  1. May be asymptomatic
  2. Palpable abdominal mass
  3. Hepatomegaly
  4. Abdominal pain
  5. Weight loss
  6. Anorexia
  7. Elevated AFP
  8. Jaundice
218
Q

There is a high incidence of Hepatoblastoma in children who have

A

Beckwith-wie-demann syndrome

219
Q

_____are most often discovered before age 5, with half of the cases identified in children less than 2 years old

A

Hepatoblastoma

220
Q

Sonographic findings of a pyogenic hepatic abscess (3):

A
  1. Complex cyst with thick walls
  2. May contain debris, septations and/or gas
  3. Air in the abscess may produce dirty shadowing and ring down artifact
221
Q

Clinical findings of a pyogenic hepatic abscess (5):

A
  1. Fever
  2. Hepatomegaly
  3. Leukocytosis
  4. Abnormal LFTs
  5. RUQ pain
222
Q

Clinical findings of hydatid liver cysts (6):

A
  1. Leukocytosis
  2. Low-grade fever
  3. Nausea
  4. Obstructive jaundice
  5. RUQ tenderness
  6. Recently traveled abroad
223
Q

Lab findings of amebic hepatic abscess (3):

A
  1. Leukocytosis
  2. Elevated LFTs
  3. Mild anemia
224
Q

Clinical findings of an amebic hepatic abscess (9):

A
  1. Hepatomegaly
  2. RUQ or abdominal pain
  3. General malaise
  4. Diarrhea
  5. Fever
  6. Leukocytosis
  7. Elevated LFTs
  8. Mild anemia
  9. Traveled abroad
225
Q

Cyst rupture could lead to:

A

Anaphylactic shock

226
Q

_____ comes from the parasite entamoeba histolytica that grows in the colon and invades the liver via the portal vein

A

Amebic hepatic abscess

227
Q

_____ is described as the occlusion of the hepatic veins, with possible coexisting occlusion of the IVC

A

Budd-chiari syndrome

228
Q

_____ involves the placement of a stent between the portal veins and hepatic veins to shunt blood and reduce portal systemic pressure

A

TIPS

229
Q

_____ correlates with cirrhosis complications including variceal hemorrhage, ascites and HCC. All signs of advance cirrhosis and portal hypertension

A

Liver stiffness

230
Q

One of the most common sonographically identifiable collaterals in portal hypertension is the recanalization of the

A

Paraumbilical vein

231
Q

If ascites is not present with cirrhosis, a _______ can be used to analyze the liver surface for surface nodularity or lumps

A

High-frequency linear transducer

232
Q

Focal nodular hyperplasia has been referred to as a?

A

“Stealth lesion” because it may be difficult to identify

233
Q

Focal nodular hyperplasia typically contains a _______ that is not always detected with sonography but is readily identified with CT and MRI

A

Central stellate (star-like) scar

234
Q

Budd-chiari syndrome can be seen secondary to (7):

A
  1. Congenital webbing disorder
  2. Coagulation abnormalities
  3. Tumor invasion from HCC
  4. Thrombosis
  5. Oral contraceptives
  6. Pregnancy
  7. Trauma
235
Q

Clinical symptoms of budd-chiari syndrome when found in females on oral contraceptives include (4):

A
  1. Ascites
  2. RUQ pain
  3. Hepatomegaly
  4. Splenomegaly
236
Q

Clinical findings of budd-chiari syndrome (5):

A
  1. Ascites
  2. Elevated LFTs
  3. Hepatomegaly
  4. Splenomegaly
  5. Upper abdominal pain
237
Q

Patients with portal hypertension will have many of the same sonographic findings as cirrhosis including

A

•ascites
•splenomegaly
•portal vascular and shunting abnormalities
•development of collaterals channels

238
Q

Sonographic findings of focal nodular hyperplasia (2):

A
  1. Isoechoic, hyperechoic, or hypoechoic mass
  2. Central scar will have hypervascularity
239
Q

Sonographic findings of hepatic candidiasis (3):

A
  1. Multiple masses with hyperechoic central portions and hypoechoic boarders “target”, “halo”, or “bullseye”
  2. Typically 1cm or smaller
  3. Older lesions may calcify
240
Q

Sonographic findings of an amebic hepatic abscess (3):

A
  1. Round, hypoechoic or anechoic mass
  2. May contain debris (with fluid debris layering)
  3. Anechoic enhancement
241
Q

_____ are typically identified in the first few weeks or months of life

A

Infantile hemangioendothelioma

242
Q

Clinical findings of infantile hemangioendothelioma (3):

A
  1. Pediatric patient
  2. May cause hepatomegaly
  3. May be accompanied by hemangiomas
243
Q

_____ is the most common benign liver childhood tumor

A

Infantile hemangioendothelioma

ARRT (Abdominal US) (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions