Chapter 2: The start of life Flashcards
(37 cards)
what are the 3 prenatal phases?
- germinal stage
- embryonic stage
- fetal stage
describe the germinal stage
- conception to 14 days
- zygote created at conception, which divides
- blastula forms, and at day ~10 it attaches to the uterine wall (implantation)
describe the embryonic stage
- 3rd week- 8th week
- basic organs of the body take shape
- very rapid growth
describe the fetal stage
- 9th week to birth
- fetus becomes larger, body systems begin to work
a child receives __ from each parents
23
a ___ is the combination of genetic material, while the ___ is the visible trait
genotype, phenotype
what are the basic units of heredity?
genes
chromosomes are a single molecule of __
DNA
each chromosome contains 1000s of ___, each of which are a small segment of __
genes
dna
t/f
the ovum will provide either an X or Y chromosome, and the sperm is certain to provide an X chromosome
false
ovum: always X
sperm: X or Y
XX= girl XY= boy
what are the earliest tests used in prenatal testing?
blood tests and ultrasounds (used together)
* ultrasounds used to guide more invasive tests like CVS and amniocentesis
what’s the difference between chorionic villus sampling vs amniocentesis?
CVS: small sample of cells taken from PLACENTA
amniocentesis: sample of fetal cells taken from the AMNIOTIC SAC
*both used to identify a number of genetic defects
why are CVC and amniocentesis not done routinely?
both have a risk of miscarriage
t/f
genes and enviro constantly interact during a child’s development
true
environment influences phenotype
(nature AND nurture)
teratogen=
any disease/ drug/ enviro issue that can harm the fetus by causing physical deformities, brain damage, or death
the impact of teratogens on a fetus depends on ___
timing!
diff organ systems are vulnerable at diff times
what are 5 threats to development inside the womb
- mother’s diet
- mother’s age (teens & over 30s have more complications)
- mother’s health (some illnesses can be transmitted to the child)
- mother’s drug use
- mother’s use of alcohol and tobacco
what are the 3 stages of labour?
- uterine contractions
- every 8-10mins (last 30sec)
- lasts 3-14hrs
- ends when cervix is is fully dilated - delivery
- head goes through cervix into vagina
- ends when baby emerges from mother’s body
- lasts 30-90mins - after-birth
- lasts 5-10mins
- uterus contracts, expels placenta from mother’s body
an APGAR score is given for each sign at 1min and 5min after birth.
what does each number indicate?
avg score= 7
7-10: normal
4-7: might require some resuscitative measures
<4: requires immediate immediate resuscitation
most women deliver their babies in ___
hospitals (1% deliver at home)
describe the lamaze method
an alternative birthing process
- breathing and relaxation method
- encourages movement
describe the bradley method
an alternative birthing process
- uses relaxation as pain control
what’s the difference between bradley and lamaze methods?
bradley: focus on controlling pain with relaxation
lamaze: distract from pain
describe water birthing
an alternative birthing process
give birth in a birthing pool (water)
- less painful?
