Chapter 3: Infancy

Question 1

when are you an infant?

Answer 1

birth - first 2 years of life

Question 2

infants grow very rapidly in the first 2 years; not all parts grow at same rate.
__ and __ grow faster than __

Answer 2

head and trunk grow faster than legs

Question 3

t/f

increase in height and weight is not steady

Answer 3

true

very rapid in first year, steady after 3yrs

Question 4

what are the 4 major principles governing growth?

Answer 4

1. cephalocaudal principle
2. Proximodistal principle
3. principle of hierarchal integration
4. principle of the independence of systems

Question 5

describe the cephalocaudal principle of growth

Answer 5

growth follows a pattern that begins with the head & upper body, then proceeds to the rest of the body.
“head to tail”

Question 6

describe the Proximodistal principle of growth

Answer 6

development occurs from the centre of the body outward

Question 7

describe the principle of hierarchal integration

Answer 7

simple skills typically develop separately and independently. Later they’re integrated into more complex skills

Question 8

describe the principle of the independence of systems

Answer 8

different body systems grow at different rates

Question 9

t/f

we’re born with most of the brain cells we’ll ever have

Answer 9

true!

Question 10

the brain undergoes most drammatic changes during __

Answer 10

infancy

Question 11

what is the basic element of the nervous system/ brain?

Answer 11

neuron

Question 12

synaptic blooming=

Answer 12

rapid synapses/ neuron growth

Question 13

synaptic pruning=

Answer 13

brain eliminates extra synapses

Question 14

plasticity=

Answer 14

`the capability of the brain to be affected by experience

Question 15

during a ___ ___, the brain is more susceptible to enviro stimulation & brain plasticity is the greatest in the first years of life

Answer 15

sensitive period

Question 16

What is SIDS?

Answer 16

sudden infant death syndrome

• unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby
• leading cause of death in 1st year of life

Question 17

motor skills=

Answer 17

our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects

• gross and fine motor skills
• development of motor skills follows a sequential pattern

Question 18

gross motor skills=

Answer 18

focus on larger muscles/ movements

• crawling etc
• gross motor skills develop before fine motor skills

Question 19

fine motor skills=

Answer 19

coordination of small actions

• muscles in fingers, toes, eyes
  eg. drink from a cup w/u spilling, write

Question 20

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) includes which 4 aspects of infant behavior?

Answer 20

• interactions with others
• motor behavior
• physiological control
• response to stress

Question 21

Sensation=

Answer 21

input about the physical world received by sensory receptors (stimulation of sense organs)

Question 22

perception=

Answer 22

process by which brain selects, organizes, and interprets these sensations
- our interpretation and analysis of a sensory stimulus

Question 23

describe the visual perception of newborns and infants

Answer 23

• newborns can’t see beyond 20ft
• > 6months: vision usually 20/20 and depth perception develops
• infants prefer patterns and complex stimuli & looking at faces

Question 24

describe the auditory perception of an infant

Answer 24

• hearing begins prenatally! (7th month)

- infants sensitive to high and low frequencies but not middle ranges

Question 25

t/f | newborns can only detect their mother's smell when breastfed

Answer 25

true

Question 26

there is a developmental progression to reactions to ___. | Exposure to __ in infancy may lead to being more sensitive as an adult

Answer 26

pain | pain

Question 27

___ is the most highly developed sense in newborns

Answer 27

touch

Question 28

piaget believed that infants have mental structures called

Answer 28

schemes | = organized patterns of sensorimotor fxn

Question 29

assimilation=

Answer 29

adaptation process: new info is taken into the previously- existing schema

Question 30

accommodation=

Answer 30

process by which pre-existing knowledge is altered in order to fit the new info

Question 31

what is the 1st stage of cognitive development from Piaget's theory? And the 6 substages?

Answer 31

Sensorimotor stage 1. simple reflexes 2. first habits & primary circular rxns 3. secondary circular rxns 4. coordination of secondary circular rxns 5. tertiary circular rxns 6. beginnings of thought (engage in pretend play)

Question 32

infantile amnesia=

Answer 32

inability to recall memories from the first few years of life

Question 33

what are hypotheses for infantile amnesia?

Answer 33

- infants have immature brain, including hippocampus (responsible for memories) - lack of linguistic skills limits ability to mentally represent events - storing memories may require an understanding of self; infants lack this

Question 34

t/f | infants have no memory capacoty

Answer 34

false, they have some - can distinguish b/w old and new objects - above 6 months: can retain info for some period of time

Question 35

What does Gesell developmental quotient meaure?

Answer 35

the infant's overall developmental score in the 4 domains: motor skills, language, adaptive behavior, and personal social behavior

Question 36

what does the bayley scales of infant development measure?

Answer 36

a series of developmental play tasks to calculate a developmental quotient, rather than an intelligence quotient (IQ) - 1-42 months old

Question 37

t/f | the order of language acquisition is consistent

Answer 37

true 1. before birth: begin to develop lang/ communication skills 2. at birth: recognize mom's voice

Question 38

first words are generally spoken between __-__ months of age. by age 2, infants use ___ speech

Answer 38

10-14 months telegraphic (unneeded words not used- eg give me ball)

Question 39

the major theories of language development differ in

Answer 39

nature and nurture

Question 40

Bandura's learning theory believed in ___

Answer 40

nurture (enviro)

Question 41

____ approaches believe that language is an innate skill | - how?

Answer 41

nativist Language-acquisition device (LAD): as long as exposed to language, infant will learn it, no teaching required (born w. knowledge of general rules and syntax)

Question 42

what are the 2 emotional responses exhibited by infants?

Answer 42

attraction (pleasant situations) & withdrawal (unpleasant situations)

Question 43

emotions are divided into 2 general categories: 1. 2.

Answer 43

1. basic emotions: interest, anger, happiness, fear, sad - these appear first 2. self-conscious emotions: envy, pride, shame, guilt

Question 44

social referencing=

Answer 44

infants seek out info from others to clarify a situation (based on facial expressions) and use that info to act

Question 45

___ is the most important form of social development in infants (gives sense of security)

Answer 45

attachment | - innate need to attach to 1 main attachment figure, esp first 2 yrs

Question 46

describe a secure attachment pattern

Answer 46

- explores when caregiver present, interacts w strangers | - upset when caregiver leaves, happy when they return

Question 47

describe an avoidant attachment pattern

Answer 47

- kid ignores caregiver and stranger, shows little emotion if they leave/ return - doesn't explore, runs away from mom

Question 48

describe the ambivalent attachment pattern

Answer 48

- clings to caregiver | - upset when caregiver leaves and not comforted when they return

Question 49

describe the disorganized- disoriented attachment pattern

Answer 49

- inconsistent methods of coping with strange situation | - eg. cry during separation, but ignores caregiver when she returns

Question 50

according to erikson, personality is shaped by infants' ___

Answer 50

experiences

Question 51

In erikson's trust vs mistrust stage, (first __ months) what happens?

Answer 51

18 uncertain about world, look to caregiver for consistent care= trust

Question 52

in erikson's autonomy-vs- shame and doubt stage (__ months to __ years) what happens?

Answer 52

18 months- 3yrs if parents encourage exploration: - confident in their ability to survive in the world if parents do not allow exploration: - feel inadequate, lack self-esteem, very dependent

Question 53

temperament=

Answer 53

innate characteristics of the infant, inc mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity

Question 54

what are the 3 profiles of temperament?

Answer 54

- easy (40%)- adaptable and calm - difficult (10%)- negative rxns, mood - slow-to-warm babies (15%)- low activity, slow to adjust, often negative mood