Chapter 1- Introduction

Question 1

Lifespan is divided into 9 periods by age:

Answer 1

1. prenatal period
2. infancy
3. toddlerhood
4. preschool
5. middle childhood
6. adolescence
7. young adulthood
8. middle adulthood
9. late adulthood

Question 2

“nature” suggests that ___ plays the most important role in human development

“nurture” suggests that ___ is the most significant in our development

Answer 2

nature= heredity/ genetics

nurture= environment

Question 3

critical period=

Answer 3

times during development when a particular event will have its greatest consequences

Question 4

sensitive period=

Answer 4

times when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of a stimuli, but consequences probably won’t last whole life

Question 5

how are critical & sensitive periods different

Answer 5

they differ in terms of degree (critical period more extreme)

unlike a critical period, absence of a stimuli during a sensitive period does not result in irreversible consequences

Question 6

continuous change=

Answer 6

development that is gradual and build.

continuous change is quantitative

Question 7

discontinuous change=

Answer 7

development in stages

- each stage is qualitatively different from the pervious stage

Question 8

Freudian theory follows the ___ change model

Answer 8

discontinuous

stages

Question 9

What are the 6 grand theories in developmental psych?

Answer 9

1. psychodynamic perspective
2. behavioral perspective
3. cognitive perspective
4. humanistic perspective
5. contextual perspective
6. evolutionary perspective

these laid the foundation for the modern theories of development

Question 10

Freud’s psychodynamic approach focuses on:

Answer 10

unconscious psychological processes (fears etc)

Question 11

What kind of conditioning is this?

Army personnel have to follow a strict routine to avoid disciplinary actions against them; it shapes them into disciplined individuals.

Answer 11

operant conditioning

b/c rewarded with incentives, which does not happen in classical conditioning

Question 12

Which psychologist believed that cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions?

Answer 12

vygotsky

Question 13

T/F
In a study looking at how attachment styles impact mental health, the dependent variable would be the participants’ attachment styles.

Answer 13

false

b/c the independent variable is the cause, and the dependent variable is the effect

Question 14

what are freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development?

Answer 14

1. oral phase
2. anal phase
3. phallic phase (genitals)
4. latent phase (libido suspended- focus on developing life skills)
5. genital phase (libido activates, we become interested in sexual partners)

Question 15

freud claimed our mind operates in 3 spheres.

What are the 3 levels and what does each operate

Answer 15

1. conscious level: operates ego
2. preconscious level: operates ego and superego
3. unconscious level: operates id

Question 16

behaviorism/ the behavioral theory=

Answer 16

all behaviors are learned through interaction with enviro

Question 17

who are 2 behaviorists? What made them differenet?

Answer 17

1. John Watson: used classical conditioning

2. B.F. Skinner: used operant conditioning (reinforcement or punishment)

Question 18

the social- cognitive learning theory states that:

Answer 18

humans learn through observing others and choosing who to imitate

Question 19

Who is Albert Bandura

Answer 19

he proposed that learning occurs by observing and imitating behavior of a model (social-cognitive learning theory)
His experiment: bobo doll experiment- child beats up doll when the model does

Question 20

The cognitive perspective focuses on:

Answer 20

how kids think and how their thinking changes as they grow up

Question 21

what are piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

Answer 21

1. sensorimotor stage
2. preoperational stage
3. concrete operational stage- start to understand the world from other peoples’ POV
4. formal operational stage- final stage of cognitive development, but we continue to learn throughout life

Question 22

the humanistic perspective states that:

Answer 22

behavior isn’t determined by unconscious processes, the enviro, or cognitive processes; people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives & control their behavior

Question 23

____ and ____ are famous for their humanistic theories

Answer 23

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Question 24

Abraham Maslow proposed a pyramid of the 5 categories that humans are motivated by. What are they?

Answer 24

1. physiological (breathing, food/water) -base
2. safety (security of body/ employment)
3. love/ belonging (friends/ family)
4. esteem
5. self-actualization (creativity, problem solving) - top

can’t move up the pyramid until basic needs are fulfilled

Question 25

the contextual approach considers:

Answer 25

relationship b/w individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds

Question 26

what is a sequential study?

Answer 26

researchers examine a # of diff age groups over several points in time - combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research

Question 27

what is a cross-sectional study?

Answer 27

studies people of diff ages at the same point in time - takes less time than longitudinal study - cannot deduct causation- only 1 snapshot in time

Question 28

what is a longitudinal study?

Answer 28

measures behavior of 1 or more individuals as they age - time/ money consuming - lose participants to attrition (drop out)

Question 29

T/F | experiments can not be used to determine both cause and effect

Answer 29

false experiments, unlike correlational studies, manipulate variables to observe effects on other variables, so both cause & effect can be determined

Question 30

What is correlational research?

Answer 30

a study done to measure relationship b/w 2 variables | - can show the direction of the relationship

Question 31

what are 3 types of correlational studies?

Answer 31

- naturalistic observation - case studies - survey research

Question 32

what is the evolutionary theory?

Answer 32

seeks to identify behavior in today's humans that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors - born out of Darwin's work- natural selection selects for physical/ personality traits and social behaviors

Question 33

___ and ____ created theories that use the contextual approach

Answer 33

brondenbrenner | vygotsky

Question 34

brondenbrenner's ecological systems model stated that human development is influenced by which 5 systems?

Answer 34

1. (inner) microsystem - direct enviro in kid's life (parents/ teachers) 2. mesosystem - relationships w/ microsystems - ie. relationship b/w kid's parents/ teachers 3. exosystem - social settings that don't involve the child but still influence their development (eg. mom's work) 4. macrosystem - culture that influences the child 5. (outer) chronosystem - all other systems are always changing

Question 35

what is vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

Answer 35

- social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition (esp older peers) - w/o interaction, would not advance far b/c knowledge is based only on their own discoveries

Question 36

Who was one of the first theorists to recognize the importance of a culture’s influence on an individual’s development?

Answer 36

Lev Vygotsky

Question 37

Duncan and Renaldo are preparing for the arrival of their first child, and are considering moving from their small rural town to a larger city to gain greater access to social services, better schools, and a variety of entertainment options. Their plan represents the influence of the __________ level of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach.

Answer 37

exosystem

Question 38

What is the correct conclusion to reach regarding the effects of heredity and the environment on shaping development?

Answer 38

nature and nurture

Question 39

Ruthie believes her daughter is going through very distinct stages of development and suddenly, upon turning two years old, is able to do far more than she could at age 1. Ruthie’s intuitions are consistent with which approach to development?

Answer 39

discontinuous change

Question 40

Erikson’s psychosocial theory differs from Freud’s psychoanalytic theory in that Erikson believed that development __________ .

Answer 40

continues through the lifetime

Question 41

Kim likes to fix her own breakfast, but the milk carton is too heavy for her to manage on her own. Her mother pours milk into a smaller container for Kim to use until she’s old enough to control the larger carton. Which aspect of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory has Kim’s mother enacted?

Answer 41

scaffolding

Question 42

The ______variable is what researchers expect to change as a result of an experimental manipulation.

Answer 42

dependent

Question 43

Cohort effects are a potential problem most commonly associated with which type of research design? a) cross sectional b) longitudinal c) sequential d) experimental

Answer 43

cross-sectional

Question 44

Mick is an adolescent who has an awareness of the uniqueness of himself and knowledge of roles that he should follow. Mick has successfully passed through which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development? a) trust vs mistrust b) initiative vs guilt c) industry vs inferiority d) identity vs role diffusion

Answer 44

d) identity vs role diffusion

Question 45

Which theoretical perspective is based on the idea that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives?

Answer 45

humanistic

Question 46

If a researcher was interested in learning how moral development changes between the ages of 3 and 15, she might study a single group of children across that age range, measuring them every three years. This strategy would be an example of __________ research.

Answer 46

longitudinal

Question 47

t/f When a group of people are chosen to represent a larger population and are asked about their attitudes, behaviors, or thinking on a given topic, experimental research is taking place.

Answer 47

false

Question 48

t/f William is part of a research group of adolescents trying to lose weight. One of his assignments is to keep a daily diary of his food intake and the times that he eats. This can be considered an example of “case study”.

Answer 48

true

Question 49

t/f | To Freud, “superego” and unconscious would be considered roughly interchangeable terms.

Answer 49

false