Chapter 2: Theoretical Background and Foundation Flashcards
Know some characteristics of minority groups, what do they include? (4)
Subordinated to majority or dominant group members in terms of power, prestige, and privilege
Not necessarily groups that are numerically fewer than majority group members
Common characteristics include identifiability, differential power, experience of discrimination, and group awareness
Identifiability
Distinguishable and readily apparent differences in physical or cultural traits
Stigma - deviations from the desired norm in a certain context
Differential power
Permit those who have more power to control those who have less power
Enables powerful groups to control access to education, employment, food, health care, income and voting rights
Discrimination
Differential and pejorative actions that serve to limit the social, political or economic opportunities of members of particular groups
Group awareness
Consequence of subordination and discrimination
May also result in resistance and activism
What are some things that are true about stereotypes?
Stereotypes: Overgeneralization of characteristics to large groups of people
Prescriptive stereotyping: Ideas about how people should behave based on their group membership
Descriptive stereotypes: Ideas about how people do or will behave based on their group membership
What is true about in-group favoritism?
In-group favoritism and out-group biases
Similarity effect: Bias in which individuals select and hire demographically similar others
Can be negated via structured interviews
Definition of attribution error?
Attribution errors: While evaluating others’ behaviors:
Undermining the influence of external factors
Overestimating the influence of internal factors
What is a structured interview?
In contrast, structured interviews have certain key characteristics that increase the validity of the hiring process. In structured interviews, all candidates are asked the same set of questions that are based on a job analysis—what tasks the person will be required to do, and what knowledge, skills, and abilities they will need.
A structured interview is a type of interview that relies on a set of standardized and premeditated questions to gather information.
Similarity effect: Bias in which individuals select and hire demographically similar others
Can be negated via structured interviews
What is aversive racism?
Aversive racism
Occurs when those who purposely adhere to egalitarian values and believe themselves to eb unprejudiced still possess negative feelings and beliefs about racial issues and minority group members
Know the differences between: neosexism, ambivalent sexism, and benevolent sexism?
Neosexism
Conflict between reported egalitarian values and negative attitudes toward women
Ambivalent sexism
Simultaneously holding both hostile and benevolent sexist beliefs about women
Benevolent sexism
Interrelated attitudes about women that are both sexists and believed to be positive
Hostile sexism
Antipathy toward women based on faulty and inflexible generalizations
Know some facts typically applied to age and diversity at work?
Racial and ethnic diversity continue to increase, partly because the workforce is aging, and younger workers are more diverse in race and ethnicity than in the past
What are some areas attributed to external attributes of out-groups?
Attribution errors: While evaluating others’ behaviors:
Undermining the influence of external factors
Overestimating the influence of internal factors
in-groups and out-groups could instead be determined using racial categories. Which category would be salient would depend on the situation (e.g., if the men were all sitting together on one side of the room, or if the conversation were about racial profiling) and the extent to which people identified themselves by their race or sex.
What can be true of individuals who have multiple group membership?
Multiple group memberships: Make in-group and out-group relationships and social identities complex
Non-dominant groups as the in-group
Minority groups may favor members of out-groups and stereotype their own group members
Consequences of social categorization and social identity
stereotype threat: Occurs when one is concerned about being judged by a negative stereotype about one’s group
consumer racial profiling: Differential treatment of consumers in the marketplace based on race/ethnicity
