Chapter 4: Black People & African-Americans

Question 1

know facts about slavery in the United States.

Answer 1

1619 - first sale of enslaved africans
1863 - emancipation proclimation ends the formal instiution of slvary
1865-1964 - seperate but equal segregation under jim crow laws.. seperate meant unequal facilities
1964: pass of the civil rights act, which made employment discrimination formally illegal

Question 2

know facts regarding education of Blacks/African Americans.

Answer 2

education:
Many laws prohibited Blacks from receiving education.
In 1954, a Supreme Court decision allowed Blacks to attend previously segregated White schools.
There is marked increase in level of Black education.
2013: 86% of Blacks and 89% of Whites completed high school. By 2019 Whites continue to obtain more education than Blacks.
Blacks with the same level of education as Whites are more likely to be unemployed and earn less when employed than Whites.

Question 3

Read in the text about black and white applicants and how having a criminal record could effect either.

Answer 3

Chapter 4 describes research in which college-educated Black applicants without a criminal record for cocaine possession received fewer positive responses from employers than college-educated White applicants with a record. In some cases, the Black applicant was asked in advance whether he had a record, reflecting beliefs likely in some part fueled by media representations.

Divisive and erroneous stereotypes about Black men contribute to their higher unemployment when compared with similarly educated White men, lower participation rates, and a host of other individual, organizational, and societal consequences. Researchers have documented relationships between television viewing and stereotyping of women and racial and ethnic minorities. Less actual contact with a minority group exacerbates the relationships between media viewing and stereotyping.

Question 4

What is a glass wall?

Answer 4

Glass walls: Invisible barriers that confine minorities and women to certain positions within organizations

Question 5

What are some things that can strengthen glass ceilings and glass walls?

Answer 5

Glass ceiling: Invisible barrier that prevents women, people of color, and people with disabilities from progressing beyond a certain level in organizations

Glass walls: Invisible barriers that confine minorities and women to certain positions within organizations

strengthen both:
access discrimination and treatment discrimination

Question 6

know facts regarding earnings of Blacks/African Americans.

Answer 6

military:
Restricted to jobs, such as janitor, clerk, cafeteria worker, and laborer
Overt discrimination included:
Unfounded accusations for theft, insubordination, rape, and harassment
Biased court martials and punishment
Denial of service in public settings while serving the country
Lynching by townspeople
Today Black officers fare better, but remain underrepresented, particularly at the highest levels

jobs:
lower participation rates for bm and higher unemployment levels for bm
higher unemployment rate
black women participate in the workforce a lot

Question 7

types of discrimination

Answer 7

Access discrimination: Denying employment opportunities or access to jobs based on factors unrelated to productivity

Statistical discrimination: Using observable characteristics as proxies for information about the productivity of workers

Treatment discrimination: Treating some employees differently based on factors unrelated to productivity

Question 8

racial socialization

Answer 8

Transmission of behaviors, communications, and interactions concerning Black cultural heritage and appropriate responses from Black parents to children

Includes appropriate responses to racial discrimination and hostility

Instruction about appropriate responses to racial profiling by police

Bolsters self-esteem, counters negative messages, builds resilience, and increases a sense of shared or collective Black identity

Question 9

consumer racial profiling

Answer 9

Consumer racial profiling is “differential treatment of consumers in the marketplace based on race/ethnicity that constitutes denial of or degradation in the products and/or services that are offered to the consumer.”

Based on beliefs that :
- Blacks are more likely to be shoplifters.
Race is not a predictor of shoplifting.
- Blacks are less likely to have money to spend.
Blacks have more than a trillion dollars in buying power.