Chapter 2 - Theories Flashcards
(46 cards)
Hildegard Peplau
mother of psychiatric nursing
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory - Freud’s Levels of Awareness
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Conscious
Contains all the material a person is aware of at any one time
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Preconscious
Contains material that can be retrieved rather easily through conscious effort
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Unconscious
Includes all repressed memories, passions, and unacceptable urges lying deep below the surface
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Id
Pleasure principle
Reflex action
Primary process
**The id is totally unconscious and impulsive. It cannot tolerate frustration and seeks to discharge tension and return to a more comfortable level of energy. The id lacks the ability to problem solve and is illogical. Operates according to pleasure principle. Think: hungry, screaming baby.
Pleasure seeking
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Ego
Problem solver
Reality tester
***Within the first few years of life as the child begins to interact with others, the ego develops. The ego resides in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels of awareness. The problem solver and reality tester, the ego attempts to navigate the outside world. It is able to differentiate subjective experiences, memory images, and objective reality. THINK, PLAN, Do.
Problem solver
Part of the personality that works through how to do something
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Superego
Moral component
**develops between the ages of 3 and 5, represents the moral component of personality. The superego resides in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels of awareness. The superego consists of the conscience (all the “should nots” internalized from parents and society) and the ego ideal (all the “shoulds” internalized from parents and society). It seeks perfection and when it falls short, it may induce feelings of guilt.
Bad vs. Good
Transference
refers to unconscious feelings that the patient has toward a health care worker that were originally felt in childhood for a significant other.
Countertransference
refers to unconscious feelings that the health care worker has toward the patient.
According to Freud, which aspect of the personality motivates an individual to seek perfection?
A. Id
B. Ego
C. Superego
D. Not sure
ANS: C
The superego represents the ideal rather than the real; it seeks perfection, as opposed to seeking pleasure or engaging reason.
Psychodynamic Therapy
Therapist more involved and interacts more freely with the patient
There is more give/take, interaction between therapist and patient
Focuses more on the now
The patient seeks treatment and motivated to improve quality of life
Interpersonal Theory
Needs are met through interaction of others
Harry Stack Sullivan. Originally followed Freud, but then focused on interpersonal processes that could be observed in a social framework.
Sullivan defined personality as behavior observed within interpersonal relationships.
Security operations
measures the individual employs to reduce anxiety and enhance security
Self-system
all of the security operations an individual uses to defend against anxiety and ensure self-esteem
Interpersonal therapy is most effective in treating
Grief and loss
Interpersonal disputes
Role transition
As you begin working with her, you notice Ms. V has an uncanny resemblance to your younger sister. As a child, this sister lied and criticized you constantly, then screamed and cried to others if you challenged her. You realize that you are responding negatively to this patient. What’s going on here?
A. Mutuality
B. Transference
C. Self-actualization
D. Countertransference
ANS: D
Countertransference—unconscious feelings the health care worker has toward the patient.
Now that you have identified the personal struggles you have in working with this patient, what should you do?
The nurse should realize the importance of maintaining self-awareness and seeking supervisory guidance as the therapeutic relationship progresses.
Modeling
therapist provides a role model for a behavior, patient learns through imitation and role-play
Operant conditioning
uses positive reinforcement for behavior modification
Systematic desensitization:
uses customized behavioral tasks based on the patient’s own fears. Patient also uses learned relaxation techniques.
Aversion therapy
Used after other therapies have failed, also known as punishment therapy. This therapy must be closely supervised and evaluated
Biofeedback
helps to control body’s physiological response to stress and anxiety.
Four Types of Behavioral Therapy
Modeling
Operant conditioning
Systematic desensitization
Aversion Therapy
**Honorary mention: Biofeedback
Cognitive Theory and Therapies
Dynamic interplay between individuals and the environment
Thoughts come before feelings and actions
Thoughts about the world and our place in it are based on our own unique perspectives, which may or may not be based on reality.
**Thinking comes before action – there is always a thought prior to action
