Chapter 2: Theory and Research Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
accomodation
A
Piaget’s term for changes in a cognitive structure to include new information
2
Q
adaption
A
Piaget’s term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved
through processes of assimilation and accommodation
3
Q
assimilation
A
Piaget’s term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure
4
Q
behaviorism
A
learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior
5
Q
bioecological theory
A
Bronfenbrenner’s approach to understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influence
6
Q
case study
A
study of a single subject, such as an individual or family
7
Q
classical conditioning
A
learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response
8
Q
cognitive neuroscience
A
study of links between neural processes and cognitive abilities
9
Q
cognitive perspective
A
view that thought processes are central to development
10
Q
cognitive stage theory
A
Piaget’s theory that children’s cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations
11
Q
contextual perspective
A
view of human development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context
12
Q
control group
A
in an experiment, a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment under study
13
Q
correlational study
A
research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists
14
Q
cross-sectional study
A
study designed to assess age-related differences, in which people of different ages are assessed on one occasion
15
Q
dependent variable
A
in an experiment, the condition that may or may not change as a result of changes in the independent variable
16
Q
equilibration
A
Piaget’s term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation
17
Q
ethnographic study
A
in-depth study of a culture, which uses a combination of methods including participant observation
18
Q
ethology
A
study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species
19
Q
evolutionary psychology
A
application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior
20
Q
evolutionary/sociobiological perspective
A
view of human development that focuses on
evolutionary and biological bases of behavior
21
Q
experiment
A
rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on the other
22
Q
experimental group
A
in an experiment, the group receiving the treatment under study
23
Q
hypotheses
A
possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research
24
Q
independent variable
A
in an experiment, the condition over which the experimenter has direct control
25
laboratory observation
research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions
26
learning perspective
view of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaptation to the environment
27
longitudinal study
study designed to assess age changes in a sample over time
28
mechanistic model
model that views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli
29
naturalistic observation
research method in which behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation
30
observational learning
learning through watching the behavior of others
31
operant conditioning
- learning based on association of behavior with its consequences
- learning based on reinforcement or punishment
32
operational definition
definition stated solely in terms of the operations or procedures used to produce or measure a phenomenon
33
organismic model
model that views human development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages
34
organization
- Piaget's term for the creation of categories or systems of knowledge
- Mnemonic strategy of categorizing material to be remembered
35
participant observation
research method in which the observer lives with the people or participates in the activity being observed
36
psychoanalytic perspective
view of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior
37
psychosexual development
in Freudian theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals
38
psychosocial development
- Pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships
- In Erikson's eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self
39
punishment
the process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition
40
qualitative change
discontinuous changes in kind, structure, or organization
41
qualitative research
research that focuses on nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs
42
quantitative change
changes in number or amount, such as in height, weight, size of vocabulary, or frequency of communication
43
quantitative research
research that focuses on nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs
44
random assignment
assignment of participants in an experiment to groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group
45
random selection
election of a sample in such a way that each person in a population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen
46
reciprocal determinism
Bandura's term for bidirectional forces that affect development
47
reinforcement
the process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
48
sample
group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study
49
scaffolding
temporary support to help a child master a task
50
schemas
Piaget's term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations
51
scientific method
system of established principles and processes of scientific inquiry, which a includes identifying a problem to be studied, formulating a hypothesis to be tested by research, collecting data, analyzing the data, forming tentative conclusions, and disseminating findings
52
self-efficacy
sense of one's capability to master challenges and achieve goals
53
sequential study
study design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal techniques
54
social learning theory
theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models
55
sociocultural theory
Vygotsky's theory of how contextual factors affect children's development
56
theory
coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data
57
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help
58
Piaget's term for changes in a cognitive structure to include new information
accomodation
59
Piaget's term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved
through processes of assimilation and accommodation
adaption
60
Piaget's term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure
assimilation
61
learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior
behaviorism
62
Bronfenbrenner's approach to understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influence
bioecological theory
63
study of a single subject, such as an individual or family
case study
64
learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response
classical conditioning
65
study of links between neural processes and cognitive abilities
cognitive neuroscience
66
view that thought processes are central to development
cognitive perspective
67
Piaget's theory that children's cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations
cognitive stage theory
68
view of human development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context
contextual perspective
69
in an experiment, a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment under study
control group
70
research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists
correlational study
71
study designed to assess age-related differences, in which people of different ages are assessed on one occasion
cross-sectional study
72
in an experiment, the condition that may or may not change as a result of changes in the independent variable
dependent variable
73
Piaget's term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation
equilibration
74
in-depth study of a culture, which uses a combination of methods including participant observation
ethnographic study
75
study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species
ethology
76
application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior
evolutionary psychology
77
view of human development that focuses on
evolutionary and biological bases of behavior
evolutionary/sociobiological perspective
78
rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on the other
experiment
79
in an experiment, the group receiving the treatment under study
experimental group
80
possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research
hypotheses
81
in an experiment, the condition over which the experimenter has direct control
independent variable
82
research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions
laboratory observation
83
view of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaptation to the environment
learning perspective
84
study designed to assess age changes in a sample over time
longitudinal study
85
model that views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli
mechanistic model
86
research method in which behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation
naturalistic observation
87
learning through watching the behavior of others
observational learning
88
- learning based on association of behavior with its consequences
- learning based on reinforcement or punishment
operant conditioning
89
definition stated solely in terms of the operations or procedures used to produce or measure a phenomenon
operational definition
90
model that views human development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages
organismic model
91
- Piaget's term for the creation of categories or systems of knowledge
- Mnemonic strategy of categorizing material to be remembered
organization
92
research method in which the observer lives with the people or participates in the activity being observed
participant observation
93
view of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior
psychoanalytic perspective
94
in Freudian theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals
psychosexual development
95
- Pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships
- In Erikson's eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self
psychosocial development
96
the process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition
punishment
97
discontinuous changes in kind, structure, or organization
qualitative change
98
research that focuses on nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs
qualitative research
99
changes in number or amount, such as in height, weight, size of vocabulary, or frequency of communication
quantitative change
100
research that focuses on nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs
quantitative research
101
assignment of participants in an experiment to groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group
random assignment
102
election of a sample in such a way that each person in a population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen
random selection
103
Bandura's term for bidirectional forces that affect development
reciprocal determinism
104
the process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
reinforcement
105
group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study
sample
106
temporary support to help a child master a task
scaffolding
107
Piaget's term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations
schemas
108
system of established principles and processes of scientific inquiry, which a includes identifying a problem to be studied, formulating a hypothesis to be tested by research, collecting data, analyzing the data, forming tentative conclusions, and disseminating findings
scientific method
109
sense of one's capability to master challenges and achieve goals
self-efficacy
110
study design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal techniques
sequential study
111
theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models
social learning theory
112
Vygotsky's theory of how contextual factors affect children's development
sociocultural theory
113
coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data
theory
114
Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
