Chapter 4: Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years

Question 1

anoxia

Answer 1

lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage

Question 2

APGAR scale

Answer 2

standard measurement of a newborn’s condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration

Question 3

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Answer 3

neurological and behavioral test to measure neonate’s responses to the environment

Question 4

cell death

Answer 4

in brain development, normal elimination of excess brain cells to achieve more efficient functioning

Question 5

central nervous system

Answer 5

brain and spinal cord

Question 6

cesarean deliviery

Answer 6

delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus

Question 7

Denver Developmental Screening Test

Answer 7

screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally

Question 8

depth perception

Answer 8

ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally

Question 9

differentiation

Answer 9

process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions

Question 10

doula

Answer 10

an experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor

Question 11

dynamic systems theory (DST)

Answer 11

Esther Thelen’s theory, which holds that motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment

Question 12

ecological theory of perception

Answer 12

theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, which describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts

Question 13

electronic fetal monitoring

Answer 13

mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery

Question 14

fine motor skills

Answer 14

physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination

Question 15

gross motor skills

Answer 15

physical skills that involve the large muscles

Question 16

haptic perception

Answer 16

ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them

Question 17

infant mortality rate

Answer 17

proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year

Question 18

integration

Answer 18

process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups

Question 19

kangaroo care

Answer 19

method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother’s breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth

Question 20

lateralization

Answer 20

tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions

Question 21

low-birth-weight babies

Answer 21

weight of less than 5½ pounds (2500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small-for-date

Question 22

myelination

Answer 22

process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, which enables faster communication between cells

Question 23

natural childbirth

Answer 23

method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the
mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery

Question 24

neonatal jaundice

Answer 24

condition, in many newborn babies, caused by immaturity of liver and
evidenced by yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly

Question 25

neonatal period

Answer 25

first 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.

Question 26

neonate

Answer 26

newborn baby, up to 4 weeks

Question 27

neurons

Answer 27

nerve cells

Question 28

parturition

Answer 28

the act or process of giving birth

Question 29

plasticity

Answer 29

- range of modifiability of performance - modifiability, or "molding," of the brain through experience

Question 30

postmature

Answer 30

a fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother's last menstrual period

Question 31

premature infants

Answer 31

infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation

Question 32

prepared childbirth

Answer 32

method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain

Question 33

reflex behaviors

Answer 33

automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation

Question 34

small-for-date (gestational age) infants

Answer 34

infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90% of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth

Question 35

state of arousal

Answer 35

an infant's physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity

Question 36

stillbirth

Answer 36

death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation

Question 37

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 37

sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant

Question 38

systems of action

Answer 38

increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment

Question 39

visual cliff

Answer 39

apparatus designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants

Question 40

visual guidance

Answer 40

visual guidance Use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body.

Question 41

lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage

Answer 41

anoxia

Question 42

standard measurement of a newborn's condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration

Answer 42

APGAR scale

Question 43

neurological and behavioral test to measure neonate's responses to the environment

Answer 43

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Question 44

in brain development, normal elimination of excess brain cells to achieve more efficient functioning

Answer 44

cell death

Question 45

brain and spinal cord

Answer 45

central nervous system

Question 46

delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus

Answer 46

cesarean deliviery

Question 47

screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally

Answer 47

Denver Developmental Screening Test

Question 48

ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally

Answer 48

depth perception

Question 49

process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions

Answer 49

differentiation

Question 50

an experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor

Answer 50

doula

Question 51

Esther Thelen's theory, which holds that motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment

Answer 51

dynamic systems theory (DST)

Question 52

theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, which describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts

Answer 52

ecological theory of perception

Question 53

mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery

Answer 53

electronic fetal monitoring

Question 54

physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination

Answer 54

fine motor skills

Question 55

physical skills that involve the large muscles

Answer 55

gross motor skills

Question 56

ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them

Answer 56

haptic perception

Question 57

proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year

Answer 57

infant mortality rate

Question 58

process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups

Answer 58

integration

Question 59

method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother's breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth

Answer 59

kangaroo care

Question 60

tendency of each of the brain's hemispheres to have specialized functions

Answer 60

lateralization

Question 61

weight of less than 5½ pounds (2500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small-for-date

Answer 61

low-birth-weight babies

Question 62

process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, which enables faster communication between cells

Answer 62

myelination

Question 63

method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother's fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery

Answer 63

natural childbirth

Question 64

condition, in many newborn babies, caused by immaturity of liver and evidenced by yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly

Answer 64

neonatal jaundice

Question 65

first 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.

Answer 65

neonatal period

Question 66

newborn baby, up to 4 weeks

Answer 66

neonate

Question 67

nerve cells

Answer 67

neurons

Question 68

the act or process of giving birth

Answer 68

parturition

Question 69

- range of modifiability of performance - modifiability, or "molding," of the brain through experience

Answer 69

plasticity

Question 70

a fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother's last menstrual period

Answer 70

postmature

Question 71

infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation

Answer 71

premature infants

Question 72

method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain

Answer 72

prepared childbirth

Question 73

automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation

Answer 73

reflex behaviors

Question 74

infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90% of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth

Answer 74

small-for-date (gestational age) infants

Question 75

an infant's physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity

Answer 75

state of arousal

Question 76

death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation

Answer 76

stillbirth

Question 77

sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant

Answer 77

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Question 78

increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment

Answer 78

systems of action

Question 79

apparatus designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants

Answer 79

visual cliff

Question 80

visual guidance Use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body.

Answer 80

visual guidance