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Developmental Psychology > Chapter 3: Forming a New Life > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Forming a New Life Flashcards

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1
Q

alleles

A

two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait

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2
Q

autosomes

A

in humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual expression

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3
Q

behavioral genetics

A

quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior

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4
Q

canalization

A

limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics

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5
Q

cephalocaudal principle

A

principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction, that is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk

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6
Q

chromosomes

A

coils of DNA that consist of genes

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7
Q

concordant

A

term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder

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8
Q

dizygotic twins

A

twins conceived by the union of two different ova (or a single ovum that has split) with two different sperm cells; also called fraternal twins; they are no more alike genetically than any other siblings

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9
Q

dominant inheritance

A

pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed

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10
Q

Down syndrome

A

chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe mental retardation and by such physical signs as a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes (also called trisomy-21)

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11
Q

embryonic stage

A

second stage of gestation (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs

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12
Q

epigenesis

A

mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells

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13
Q

fertilization

A

union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote; also called conception

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14
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy

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15
Q

fetal stage

A

final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size

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16
Q

genes

A

small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes; functional units of heredity

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17
Q

genetic code

A

sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells

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18
Q

genetic counseling

A

clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects

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19
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics

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20
Q

genotype-environment correlation

A

tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences
to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active; also called genotype-environment covariance

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21
Q

genotype-environment interaction

A

the portion of phenotypic variation that results from the
reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions

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22
Q

germinal stage

A

first 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus

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23
Q

gestation

A

period of development between conception and birth

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24
Q

gestational age

A

age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle

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25
heritability
statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population
26
heterozygous
possessing different alleles for a trait
27
homozygous
possessing two identical alleles for a trait
28
human genome
complete sequence of genes in the human body
29
implantation
the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6
30
incomplete dominance
pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait
31
monozygotic twins
twins resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization; also called identical twins, they are genetically similar
32
multifactorial transmission
combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits
33
mutations
permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics
34
niche-picking
tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype
35
nonshared environmental effects
the unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another
36
obesity
extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type as defined by having a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile
37
phenotype
observable characteristics of a person
38
polygenic inheritance
pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait
39
proximodistal principle
principle that development proceeds from within to without, that is, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities
40
reaction range
potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait
41
recessive inheritance
pattern of inheritance in which child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait
42
schizophrenia
mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions
43
sex chromosomes
pair of chromosomes that determines sex: XX in the normal human female, XY in the normal human male
44
sex-linked inheritance
pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring
45
spontaneous abortion
natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb (miscarriage)
46
stress
- physical or psychological demands on a person or organism - response to physical or psychological demands
47
temperament
characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations
48
teratogen
environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities
49
ultrasound
prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally.
50
zygote
one-celled organism resulting from fertilization
51
two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait
alleles
52
in humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual expression
autosomes
53
quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior
behavioral genetics
54
limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics
canalization
55
principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction, that is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk
cephalocaudal principle
56
coils of DNA that consist of genes
chromosomes
57
term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder
concordant
58
twins conceived by the union of two different ova (or a single ovum that has split) with two different sperm cells; also called fraternal twins; they are no more alike genetically than any other siblings
dizygotic twins
59
pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed
dominant inheritance
60
chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe mental retardation and by such physical signs as a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes (also called trisomy-21)
Down syndrome
61
second stage of gestation (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs
embryonic stage
62
mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells
epigenesis
63
union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote; also called conception
fertilization
64
combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
65
final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size
fetal stage
66
small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes; functional units of heredity
genes
67
sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells
genetic code
68
clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects
genetic counseling
69
genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics
genotype
70
tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active; also called genotype-environment covariance
genotype-environment correlation
71
the portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions
genotype-environment interaction
72
first 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus
germinal stage
73
period of development between conception and birth
gestation
74
age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother's last menstrual cycle
gestational age
75
statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population
heritability
76
possessing different alleles for a trait
heterozygous
77
possessing two identical alleles for a trait
homozygous
78
complete sequence of genes in the human body
human genome
79
the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6
implantation
80
pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait
incomplete dominance
81
twins resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization; also called identical twins, they are genetically similar
monozygotic twins
82
combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits
multifactorial transmission
83
permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics
mutations
84
tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype
niche-picking
85
the unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another
nonshared environmental effects
86
extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type as defined by having a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile
obesity
87
observable characteristics of a person
phenotype
88
pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait
polygenic inheritance
89
principle that development proceeds from within to without, that is, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities
proximodistal principle
90
potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait
reaction range
91
pattern of inheritance in which child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait
recessive inheritance
92
mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions
schizophrenia
93
pair of chromosomes that determines sex: XX in the normal human female, XY in the normal human male
sex chromosomes
94
pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring
sex-linked inheritance
95
natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb (miscarriage)
spontaneous abortion
96
- physical or psychological demands on a person or organism - response to physical or psychological demands
stress
97
characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations
temperament
98
environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities
teratogen
99
prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally.
ultrasound
100
one-celled organism resulting from fertilization
zygote

Developmental Psychology (5 decks)

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