CHAPTER 2 with Statistical Refresher

Question 1

In this era, psychological testing was used to evaluate candidates for
government positions in areas like music, archery, and law.

Answer 1

Ancient China (2200 B.C.E)

Question 2

In this era, psychology began emerging as a science, with Christian von Wolff recognizing psychological measurement as a field.

Answer 2

the Renaissance

Question 2

In this era, tests emphasized knowledge of classical literature, equating
mastery with wisdom necessary for public office

Answer 2

Song Dynasty (960-1279 C.E)

Question 3

In this era, traits were linked to bodily fluids, which can be seen as an early attempt to categorize personality.

Answer 3

Ancient Greek and Romans

Question 4

Who founded the first psychology lab in Germany?

Answer 4

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 5

Who coined the term “mental test”?

Answer 5

James McKeen Cattell

Question 6

Who developed test reliability and factor analysis?

Answer 6

Charles Spearman

Question 6

Who collaborated with Binet on measuring higher mental processes?

Answer 6

Victor Henri

Question 6

Who pioneered the word “association test”?

Answer 6

Emil Kraepelin

Question 7

who founded the first psychological clinic in the U.S. and is known as the “founder of clinical psychology,” launching the Psychological Clinic journal in 1907.

Answer 7

Lightner Witmer

Question 7

What was the old name for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?

Answer 7

Wechsler-Believue Intelligence Scale

Question 7

who developed a 30-item intelligence test to identify children in Paris with
Intellectual disabilities?

Answer 7

Binet and Theodore Simon

Question 8

What intelligence tests were developed during World War I to classify new soldiers based on their cognitive abilities?

Answer 8

Army Alpha and Army Beta

Question 9

What military test was distributed to determine whether draftees could read English, but also to evaluate soldiers so that they could be assigned to tasks or training in alignment with their abilities?

Answer 9

Army Alpha

Question 10

What military test was developed for those men with limited literacy who were unable to respond to the written test?

Answer 10

Army Beta

Question 11

What test was a self-report measure of personality designed to assess emotional stability, particularly in military settings?

Answer 11

Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory

Question 11

What questionnaire was developed to assess adjustment and stability discreetly, and who developed it?

Answer 11

Personal Data Sheet
Robert S. Woodworth

Question 12

these tests were developed to circumvent the limitations of self-reports, projective tests allow individuals to
“project” unconscious feelings, needs, and motivations onto ambiguous stimuli

Answer 12

projective tests

Question 12

this measure of personality focused on what individuals provide information
about themselves through direct responses, self-monitoring, or diaries.

Answer 12

self-report method

Question 13

why is the self-report method unreliable?

Answer 13

self-reports can lack objectivity as people
may not have accurate self-insight or might withhold personal information

Question 14

this projective test uses inkblots to
reveal unconscious elements of
personality, developed by Hermann
Rorschach

Answer 14

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Question 14

this projective test was popularized by Henry A. Murray and Christiana D. Morgan, this test uses ambiguous pictures to encourage storytelling that reflects inner conflicts and desires.

Answer 14

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 15

which key figure adopted Binet’s test in the US and led the immigration testing project?

he reported high rates of
“feeblemindedness” among various immigrant groups (e.g., 83% of Jews, 80% of Hungarians, 79% of Italians, and 87% of Russians).

his study sparked debates on the nature versus nurture aspects of intelligence and the cultural biases present in intelligence testing

Answer 15

Henry H. Goddard

Question 15

this term, in the context of psychological assessment is defined as “the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular
population, community, or group of people”

Answer 15

Culture

Question 16

these tests were developed for use within a single cultural group to minimize cultural and linguistic bias

Answer 16

culture-specific tests

Question 17

this term, in the context of psychological assessment, established rules that individuals must follow for the benefit of society. They are designed to maintain order and protect the welfare of the community.

Answer 17

Laws

Question 18

this term, in the context of psychological assessment, refers to a set of principles regarding what constitutes right, proper, or good conduct. Ethics guide behavior within professions and society.

Answer 18

ethics

Question 19

this term refers to the recognized standards within professional fields that define the expected conduct of practitioners

Answer 19

codes of ethics

Question 20

this term refers to the level of diagnostic or therapeutic services that a reasonably prudent professional would provide in similar circumstances. emphasizes the responsibility of professionals to meet a baseline of quality in their services, ensuring that they act in the best interest of their clients or patients under prevailing conditions

Answer 20

standard of care

Question 21

what was published by the APA Committee on Ethical Standards for Psychology for the classification of tests based on the level of expertise required for their administration and interepretation?

Answer 21

Ethical Standards for the Distribution of Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Aids

Question 22

what is the level of expertise required for tests that can be administered, scored, and interpreted using the manual with basic training in the relevant organizational context? Examples: Achievement and proficiency tests

Answer 22

Level A

Question 22

what is the level of expertise required for tests that require some technical knowledge of test construction and use, along with an understanding of related fields such as statistics, psychology, and educational principles? Examples: Aptitude tests and adjustment inventories for normal populations

Answer 22

Level B

Question 23

this type of scale includes variables that can theoretically be divided infinitely Examples include measurements like height and depression levels, which can take on a wide range of values.

Answer 23

Continuous Scales

Question 23

what is the level of expertise that is required for tests that necessitate substantial expertise in testing and supporting psychological fields, as well as supervised experience in using these tests? Example: Projective tests and individual mental tests

Answer 23

Level C

Question 24

what is the difference between confidentiality and privilege?

Answer 24

confidentiality protects communications outside of legal settings while privilege also does protects information from being disclosed in court; however, it is not absolute and can be overridden by court orders

Question 25

this type of scales consists of categorical values that cannot be subdivided Examples include gender categories (e.g., male or female)

Answer 25

Discrete Scales

Question 26

this term refers to the collective influence of all factors affecting a test score that are not specifically measured by the test itself. It can arise from various sources and may impact the accuracy of the test results

Answer 26

error

Question 27

what are the three levels of measurement for variables?

Answer 27

nominal, ordinal, interval/ratio

Question 28

in this level of measurement, it involves classification based on distinguishing characteristics Categories must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive Examples include types of fruit (e.g., apples vs. oranges) and DSM-IV diagnoses.

Answer 28

Nominal

Question 29

in this level of measurement, it allows for classification and rank ordering of items While they indicate relative positioning, they do not specify the magnitude of differences Example: Olympic medal rankings (gold, silver, bronze)

Answer 29

Ordinal Scales

Question 30

This level of measurement has equal intervals between values, meaning each unit is the same distance apart. Example: IQ scores and many psychological measures are treated as interval data for statistical analysis

Answer 30

Interval

Question 31

in this level of measurement, scales are similar to interval scales but include a true zero point, allowing for the expression of absolute quantities Examples: Height and reaction time.

Answer 31

Ratio

Question 31

this term refers to a set of test scores arrayed for recording or study.

Answer 31

Distribution

Question 32

what is frequency distribution?

Answer 32

a description of data wherein all scores are listed alongside the number of times each score occurred

Question 32

this term refers to the straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance that is usually numerical.

Answer 32

Raw Score

Question 33

this measure of central tendency is calculated by summing all observations (or test scores) and dividing by the total number of observations. Represents the arithmetic average of the data set

Answer 33

Arithmetic Mean

Question 34

this term refers to a statistical measure that identifies the average or central point of a data set, reflecting the midmost score in a distribution. It provides insight into the typical performance or characteristics of a group.

Answer 34

central tendency

Question 35

this measure of central tendency refers to the middle score when all scores in a distribution are arranged in ascending or descending order Particularly useful for datasets with outliers or extreme scores, as it is less affected by skewed data

Answer 35

median

Question 36

this measure of central tendency is the most frequently occurring score in a distribution If two scores have the highest frequency, the distribution is referred to as?

Answer 36

mode bimodal

Question 37

this term describes the asymmetry of a distribution

Answer 37

skewness

Question 37

what type of skew indicates that a small number of scores are at the high end of the distribution.

Answer 37

positive skew

Question 38

what type of skew indicates that a small number of scores are at the high end of the distribution.

Answer 38

negative skew

Question 38

this term refers to the "peakedness" of a distribution

Answer 38

Kurtosis

Question 39

what does it mean if a distribution is platykurtic?

Answer 39

the distribution is relatively flat

Question 40

what does it mean if a distribution is leptokurtic?

Answer 40

the distribution is relatively peaked

Question 41

what does it mean if a distribution is mesokurtic?

Answer 41

the distribution has a moderate peak, typical of a normal distribution

Question 41

this term refers to statistics that describe the extent of variation or dispersion within a distribution of scores

Answer 41

measures of variability

Question 42

this term refers to the average of the absolute deviations of scores from the mean, indicating how much scores vary from the average

Answer 42

average deviation

Question 42

this term refers to the arithmetic mean of the squared differences between each score and the mean. It quantifies the degree of spread in the data.

Answer 42

Variance

Question 42

this measure of variability refers to the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Answer 42

range

Question 42

this measure of variability refers to the difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1) of a distribution It measures the range of the middle 50% of scores.

Answer 42

interquartile range (IQR)

Question 43

this term refers to the raw score that has been transformed to fit a different scale, which has a predetermined mean and standard deviation.

Answer 43

Standard Score

Question 44

this type of standard score is a measure that indicates how many standard deviations a raw score is above or below the mean of its distribution.

Answer 44

Z-score

Question 45

this type of standard score is a standardized score where the mean is set at 50 and the standard deviation is set at 10.

Answer 45

T-score

Question 46

what is the difference between t-score and z-score?

Answer 46

Z-scores are used when dealing with larger sample sizes (n > 30) and known population standard deviation, while t-scores are used for smaller sample sizes (n < 30) and unknown population standard deviation

Question 47

this term refers to something that quantifies the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

Answer 47

coefficient of correlation (or correlation coefficient)

Question 48

what does a positive correlation mean?

Answer 48

Both variables move in the same direction (increase or decrease together).

Question 49

what does a negative correlation mean?

Answer 49

One variable increases while the other decreases

Question 50

this term refers to a statistical technique that enables researchers to combine and analyze data from multiple studies to assess the relationship between variables.

Answer 50

Meta-Analysis

Question 51

what is the purpose of meta-analysis?

Answer 51

To synthesize findings from different studies, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the data being investigated

Question 52

this term refers to something that quantifies the strength of the relationship between variables.

Answer 52

effect size

Question 53

this calculation method is used for continuous and linearly related variables. Indicates the degree of linear correlation between two variables. Once calculated, the correlation coefficient should be tested for statistical significance (commonly at a p-value < .05)

Answer 53

Pearson r

Question 54

this calculation method is obtained by squaring the Pearson r value (r²) Represents the proportion of variance shared between the two variables.

Answer 54

Coefficient of Determination

Question 55

this calculation method is used primarily for ordinal data or small sample sizes A non-parametric measure that assesses how well the relationship between two variables can be described using a monotonic function.

Answer 55

Spearman Rho

Question 56

who had anticipated psychology as a science and psychological measurement as a specialty within that science?

Answer 56

Christian von Wolff

Question 57

this term refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that was intentionally devised to yield some discriminatory result or outcome

Answer 57

disparate treatment

Question 58

what are the four humours?

Answer 58

sanguine (extroverted) choleric (angry and short-tempered) melancholic (depressive) phlegmatic (sluggish)

Question 59

Who is credited with originating the concept of test reliability and building the mathematical framework for the statistical technique of factor analysis?

Answer 59

Charles Spearman

Question 59

this term refers to the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that systematically tend to favor racially, ethnically, socioeconomically, or culturally diverse persons regardless of actual qualifications for positions.

Answer 59

reverse discrimination

Question 59

who made the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

Answer 59

Lewis Terman

Question 60

this term refers to the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that tend to systematically favor members of a majority group regardless of actual qualifications for positions

Answer 60

discrimination

Question 61

in this type of graph, numbers indicative of frequency also appear on the Y-axis, and reference to some categorization (e.g., yes/no/maybe, male/female) appears on the X-axis

Answer 61

bar graph

Question 62

this is a graph with vertical lines drawn at the true limits of each test score (or class interval), forming a series of contiguous rectangles

Answer 62

histogram

Question 63

what are the three descriptions of kurtosis?

Answer 63

platykurtic - relatively flat leptokurtic - relatively peaked mesokurtic - somewhere in the middle

Question 64

this indicates how many standard deviation units the raw score is below or above the mean of the distribution

Answer 64

z score