Chapter 20 diseases

Question 1

what causes bacterial meningitis?

Answer 1

Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus aglactiae

Question 2

what causes meningococcal meningitis?

Answer 2

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 3

what causes pneumococcal meningitis?

Answer 3

streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 4

what causes viral meningitis?

Answer 4

Members of the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae

Question 5

characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis?

Answer 5

gram negative diplococcus, it is not motile, meningococcus, has fimbriae

Question 6

characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 6

Gram positive coccus; usually in pairs
>93 different strains

Question 7

characteristics of Members of the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae?

Answer 7

Very small, nonenveloped, RNA viruses

Question 8

reservoirs of the types meningitis?

Answer 8

humans

Question 9

bacterial meningitis mode of transmission?

Answer 9

Droplet transmission and carriers

Question 10

meningococcal meningitis mode of transmission?

Answer 10

Respiratory droplets to those who have prolonged contact with a patient

Question 11

pneumococcal meningitis mode of transmission?

Answer 11

direct contact with respiratory secretions

Question 12

viral meningitis mode of transmission?

Answer 12

-Fecal contamination of food, water, or hands
-Respiratory secretions

Question 13

bacterial meningitis portals of entry?

Answer 13

Lungs, sinuses, or inner ear via the blood

Question 14

Meningococcal meningitis portals of entry?

Answer 14

Lungs, sinuses, or inner ear via the blood

Question 15

Pneumococcal meningitis portals of entry?

Answer 15

Normal microbiome of throat that opportunistically grow in the lungs, sinuses, and middle ear and move from these locations via the blood into the meninges

Question 16

viral meningitis portals of entry?

Answer 16

ears, nose, throat

Question 17

virulence factors for bacterial meningitis?

Answer 17

12 serogroups have been identified (A, B, C, W, X, and Y cause epidemics)

Question 18

virulence factors for meningococcal meningitis?

Answer 18

Polysaccharide capsule, Lip oligosaccharide
-fimbriae
-all virulence factors enable bacteria to attach to human cells

Question 19

virulence factors for pneumococcal meningitis?

Answer 19

Polysaccharide capsule, Secretory IgA protease, Pneumolysin, and Phosphorylcholine

Question 20

how does bacterial meningitis affect the body?

Answer 20

Bacteria are somewhat protected from phagocytosis of of their capsules and they metabolize glucose in the CSF

Question 21

how does meningococcal meningitis affect the body?

Answer 21

the bacteria infect the lining of then brain and spinal cord which causes swelling

Question 22

how does viral meningitis affect the body?

Answer 22

it kills target cells in Gi or lungs, Grains access to blood, Spreads to the lymph organs, then affect the brain by killing the cells in the meninges

Question 23

Signs and Symptoms of bacterial meningitis?

Answer 23

-high fever, inflammation
-inflamed cranial meninges produce severe headache, nausea, vomiting, pain, loss of brain functions leading to drowsiness, confusion, fretfulness, or irritability
-stiff neck
-encephalitis (deafness, blindness, coma, death

Question 24

Signs and Symptoms of meningococcal meningitis?

Answer 24

Dramatic increase in WBC and CSF (milky shite in color)
Petechial rash

Question 25

Signs and Symptoms of pneumococcal meningitis?

Answer 25

high fever, stiff neck, chills, nausea and vomiting, mental changes, agitation, an intense headache, sensitivity to light, loss of consciousness or semi-consciousness, rapid breathing, arching of the head and neck backward

Question 26

Signs and Symptoms of viral meningitis?

Answer 26

Fever, stiff neck, severe headache, drowsiness, confusion, nausea, and vomiting
“worst headache of my life”
Skin rash, sore throat, and colds
DEATH IS RARE

Question 27

Epidemiology of meningococcal meningitis?

Answer 27

carriage rates highest in older children and young adults
-only type of bacterial meningitis that becomes epidemic

Question 28

Epidemiology of pneumococcal meningitis?

Answer 28

-Is in mouths and throats of 75% of pts. Without causing harm
-elderly and children

Question 29

Epidemiology of viral meningitis?

Answer 29

Enteroviruses are common and contagious.
Summer than fall
Stable in the environment and can survive in chlorinated swimming pools
Neonates at greatest risk

Question 30

Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis?

Answer 30

Diagnosis on basis of symptoms and on culturing bacteria from CSF following a spinal tap
Serological tests can demonstrate presence of antibodies

Question 31

Diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis?

Answer 31

spinal tap

Question 32

Diagnosis of viral meningitis?

Answer 32

Characteristic signs and symptoms of meningitis without Prescence of bacteria in CSF

Question 33

treatment of bacterial meningitis?

Answer 33

Medical emergency
Treatment with a variety of IV administered antimicrobial drugs

Question 34

treatment of viral meningitis?

Answer 34

No specific treatment
Bed rest, plenty of fluids, and meds to relieve fever and headache

Question 35

prevention of meningococcal meningitis?

Answer 35

Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4)-Menveo, Menactra
Menb Vaccine (Bexsero and Trumenba)

Question 36

prevention of pneumococcal meningitis?

Answer 36

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine-pneumovax
-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15 and PCV20)

Question 37

prevention of viral meningitis?

Answer 37

Hard to prevent.
Frequent handwashing, avoid crowded swimming pools, and refrain from touching mouth nose, or eyes with contaminated hands