Chapter 22 Diseases

Question 1

What causes streptococcal respiratory disease?

Answer 1

Genus Streptococcus
Lancefield Group A – S. pyogenes

Question 2

What causes tuberculosis?

Answer 2

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 3

What causes influenza?

Answer 3

Influenza virus types A and B

Question 4

characteristics of streptococcus lance field A?

Answer 4

-gram positive, facultatively anaerobic cocci in chains or pairs
-streptococci differentiated by Lancefield grouping

Question 5

characteristics of mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 5

Non endospore forming, gram-positive rod with cell walls containing mycolic acid (acid fast positive)

Question 6

characteristics of influenza?

Answer 6

Eight different ssRNA molecules as genome, pleomorphic envelope, glycoprotein spikes

Question 7

reservoir for streptococcal respiratory disease?

Answer 7

human

Question 8

reservoir for tuberculosis?

Answer 8

human

Question 9

reservoir for influenza?

Answer 9

human

Question 10

mode of transmission for streptococcal respiratory disease?

Answer 10

Respiratory droplets

Question 11

mode of transmission for tuberculosis?

Answer 11

Inhalation of respiratory droplets

Question 12

mode of transmission for influenza?

Answer 12

Droplet transmission, airborne transmission, and indirect contact transmission (fomites)

Question 13

portal of entry for streptococcal respiratory disease?

Answer 13

Upper respiratory tract

Question 14

portal of entry for tuberculosis?

Answer 14

Upper respiratory tract

Question 15

portal of entry for influenza?

Answer 15

Eyes, nose, mouth

Question 16

virulence factor for streptococcal respiratory disease?

Answer 16

-M protein
-Hyaluronic acid capsule
-Streptokinases
-C5a peptidase
-Pyrogenic toxins
-Streptolysins

Question 17

virulence factor for tuberculosis?

Answer 17

Mycolic acid directly responsible for unique characteristics of pathogen
-cord factor

Question 18

virulence factor for influenza?

Answer 18

Genomes are extremely variable.
Antigenic shift
Antigenic drift

Question 19

how does streptococcal respiratory disease affect the body?

Answer 19

Infects the throat but the disease is temporary

Question 20

how does tuberculosis affect the body?

Answer 20

Macrophages in alveoli phagocytize organisms but cannot digest them. Bacteria replicate freely within macrophages, gradually killing them, cycle repeats itself. T cells produce lymphokines that attract and activate more macrophages and trigger inflammation. Collagen fibers enclose granuloma

Reactivated: organism ruptures granuloma. Bacteria spread through lungs via bronchioles, macrophages carry pathogen via blood and lymph to variety of sites

Question 21

how does influenza affect the body?

Answer 21

Infects cells in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Lytic replication cycle eliminates the lungs first line of defense.

Question 22

signs and symptoms for streptococcal respiratory disease?

Answer 22

Back of pharynx red, swollen lymph nodes, purulent abscesses over tonsils, pain during swallowing, fever, malaise, headache, can cause laryngitis and bronchitis.
Scarlet fever, pharyngitis, acute glomerulonephritis

Question 23

signs and symptoms for tuberculosis?

Answer 23

Not initially apparent and may be limited to minor cough and mild fever
Fatigue, malaise, chest pain, wheezing, and cough up blood

Question 24

signs and symptoms for influenza?

Answer 24

Symptoms due to cytokines. Sudden fever, pharyngitis, congestion, dry cough, malaise, headache, myalgia

Question 25

epidemiology for streptococcal respiratory disease?

Answer 25

A human adapted pathogen Winter and spring among elementary and middle school children Is sensitive to antimicrobial drugs

Question 26

epidemiology for tuberculosis?

Answer 26

1.7 billion people were infected with TB Responsible for the second highest number of deaths worldwide due to an infectious disease Greatest risk of infection: low immunity people

Question 27

epidemiology for influenza?

Answer 27

Changing antigens guarantee there will always be susceptible people Some people are carriers

Question 28

diagnosis for streptococcal respiratory disease?

Answer 28

Some estimate that <50% of pts. Diagnosed with strep have it. Most have viral pharyngitis -serological testing

Question 29

diagnosis for tuberculosis?

Answer 29

TB skin test Cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction Chest x ray Sputum sample

Question 30

diagnosis for influenza?

Answer 30

Flu signs and symptoms during a community wide outbreak are often sufficient for diagnosis

Question 31

treatment for streptococcal respiratory disease?

Answer 31

Oral or intramuscular penicillin G, penicillin V, or amoxicillin

Question 32

treatment for tuberculosis?

Answer 32

Common antimicrobials have little effect Pyrazinamide with INH, rifampin and either streptomycin or ethambutol

Question 33

treatment for influenza?

Answer 33

Two drugs available: tamiflue and Relenza

Question 34

prevention of streptococcal respiratory disease?

Answer 34

Antibodies against M protein Keep sick children isolated

Question 35

prevention of tuberculosis?

Answer 35

Antibacterial drugs used prophylactically BCG vaccine (attenuated)

Question 36

prevention of influenza?

Answer 36

Immunization with a multivalent vaccine, culling infected birds, good personal hygeiene