- -Transport O2 and CO2 - -Transport nutrients - -Transport metabolic wastes - -Regulate pH of interstitial fluid - -Regulate ions (electrolytes) of interstitial fluid - -Transport enzymes - -Transport hormones - -Reduce / stop body fluid loss from injury; clotting - -Transport leukocytes and antibodies - -Transport toxins for neutralization or excretion - -Aid in temperature regulation

- from top to bottom - Plasma (yellow stuff)=liquid matrix - Buffy coat= - --Thrombocytes (platelets, technically aren't cells), - -- Leukocytes (white blood cells) -Erythrocytes (red stuff)= red blood cells, pH regulation, gas exchange ((red is also formed elements)

-Biconcave disc (large surface area, flexible) - Lack most organelles: --Anucleated - -No mitochondria: use anaerobic metabolism - -Lacks ER & ribosomes: cannot repair themselves -contrain hemoglobin: respiratory pigment (why they're red) - ~120 day lifespan - ~1% of circulating erythrocytes are replaced daily

chapter 20 exam 3 Flashcards by Emma Zobal

Blood…

-Transport O2 and CO2
-Transport nutrients
-Transport metabolic wastes
-Regulate pH of interstitial fluid
-Regulate ions (electrolytes) of interstitial fluid
-Transport enzymes
-Transport hormones
-Reduce / stop body fluid loss from injury; clotting
-Transport leukocytes and antibodies
-Transport toxins for neutralization or excretion
-Aid in temperature regulation

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~7% of body mass is _____

blood

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blood composition

from top to bottom
Plasma (yellow stuff)=liquid matrix
Buffy coat=
–Thrombocytes (platelets, technically aren’t cells),
– Leukocytes (white blood cells)

-Erythrocytes (red stuff)= red blood cells, pH regulation, gas exchange
((red is also formed elements)

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Intracellular fluid

in cells (majority)

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Extracellular fluid

outside of cells

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Extracellular fluid ; Interstitial fluid

between cells, not in blood

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Extracellular fluid ; Plasma

fluid portion of blood

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Extracellular fluid ; Other fluid

lymph, cerebrospinal, synovial, serous, etc.

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Body is composed of ….

water 66%
proteins 20%
lipids 10%
carbohydrates 3%
other 1%

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Plasma (types of composition )

higher O2
lower CO2
higher dissolved protein

(opposite of Interstitial fluid)

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Interstitial fluid (types of composition)

lower O2
higher CO2
lower dissolved protein

(opposite of plasma)

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Plasma Proteins; Albumins

transport fatty acids, steroid hormones, and thyroid hormones

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Plasma Proteins; Globulins—>Immunoglobins:

antibodies

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Plasma proteins; Globulins–>Transport globulins

transport hormones, lipids, & ions

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Plasma proteins; Fibrinogens

forms blood clots by converting to fibrin

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Plasma proteins; Fibrinogens –>Serum:

blood with clotting proteins removed

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Plasma proteins; Fibrinogens –>Anticoagulants

compounds that prevent fibrin formation

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Plasma proteins’ other regulatory proteins:

proenzymes, hormones, enzymes

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Hematocrit:

% of blood sample volume made of erythrocytes–> (red blood cells, pH regulation gas exchange)

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if hematocrit are low

anemia
blood loss
Micronutrient deficiency
Chronic infection

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if hematocrit are high

dehydration
Polycythemia
Lung / heart disease

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Erythrocytes

-Biconcave disc (large surface area, flexible)

Lack most organelles: –Anucleated
-No mitochondria: use anaerobic ** metabolism
-Lacks ER & ribosomes: cannot repair themselves

-contrain hemoglobin: respiratory pigment (why they’re red)

~120 day lifespan
~1% of circulating erythrocytes are replaced daily

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Hemoglobin (Hb):

has 4 heme units

-Heme units: where O2 and CO2 will bind to hemoglobin

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Bohr effect

pH will impact binding affinity to O2 to Hb

-changes in Hb O2 affinity due to pH changes

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Hemoglobin (Hb) in RBCs allows for a higher concentration of ___ and ____ in the blood

CO2 and O2 in the blood

Co2 and O2 are also dissolved in ____ but at much lower concentrations

plasma

acids ph

0-6

neutral ph

bases ph

8-14

human physiological ph values can range from...

- <6.8=death - 6.8-7.35=acidosis - 7.35-7.45=normal - 7.45-7.8=alkalosis - 7.8<=death

most enzymes function within ____ pH range

small

Respiratory & blood rapid pH regulation

-release CO2 and/or bind CO2 to Hb

Renal system slow pH regulation

retain or release H+ and HCO3-

Acidosis

too much co2

alkalosis

too little co2

acidosis ____ pH and HCO3-

LOW

Alkalosis ____ pH and HCO3-

HIGH

blood types are determined _______

genetically

Blood types; based on _____ (RBC/WBC) surface antigens

RBC

blood types; antibodies produced against _______ (self/non-self) antigens

non self

blood types; what type of compatibility

donor/recipient

Rh groups; Rh+

RBC have Rh surface antigens

Rh groups: Rh-

RBC lack Rh surface antigens

universal donor

O-

universal recipient

AB+

anti Rh antibodies only produced when _____ (Rh-/Rh+) are exposed to Rh antigens

Rh-

Rh antibodies produced if Rh- person is exposed to Rh+ via:

- Pregnancy: Rh- mother; Rh+ fetus | - Blood transfusion

Donor / recipient compatibility; Cross-reaction

when antibody meets specific antigen

Donor / recipient compatibility; Agglutination

clumping of RBCs and antibodies

Donor / recipient compatibility; Hemolysis

rupturing of RBCs

Leukocytes; Diapedesis

leukocytes squeeze between endothelial cells to leave capillaries

Leukocytes; Chemotaxis

chemical signals that attract leukocytes to infections

Agranulocytes

lack cytoplasmic granules

Agranulocytes; Monocytes

-large cells; kidney-shaped nucleus - Use chemotaxis - Attract fibroblasts to encase pathogen in collagen - Produce scar tissue

Lymphocytes:

round nucleus; responsible for specific immunity | -Primary cells of lymphatic system

Lymphocytes can differentiate into.... (3)

-T cells: enter tissues to directly attack pathogens – B cells: produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies -NK cells: attack abnormal cells; immune surveillance

Granulocytes

have cytoplasmic granules

Granulocytes; Neutrophils

-multilobed nucleus -Granules are vacuoles with lysosomal enzymes & bactericidal compounds - Phagocytotic -Short-lived; will secret chemotaxic chemicals upon death

Granulocytes; Eosinophils

-bilobed nucleus - Attack objects marked with antibodies - Involved with allergies and/or parasites - Secrete compounds that reduce inflammation

Granulocytes; Basophils

-very high density of granules - Histamine: dilate blood vessels to enable diapedesis - Heparin: prevents blood clots

Thrombocytes

-derived megakaryocytes: fragment forming bits and pieces of membrane-enclosed packets of chemicals - Hemostasis: blood clotting - Release chemicals and enzymes to initiate the clotting process - Clump together to form a platelet plug using fibrin - Contain actin and myosin that function to contract the clot

Thrombocytes _____ (are/are not) cells

ARE NOT

Hemopoiesis

blood cell formation; red marrow; yellow marrow can be converted to red

Lymphatic stem cells (3)

- NK cells - T cells - B cells

Myeloid stem cells

``` - Neutrophils – Basophils – Eosinophil – Macrophages – Megakaryocyte • Platelets – Erythrocytes ```

Erythropoiesis

erythrocyte formation - Primarily in red marrow; yellow can be stimulated as well - Requires Vitamin B12, amino acids, & Fe - Erythropoietin (EPO): glycoprotein hormone by kidneys and liver in response to low [O2]; hypoxia

Erythropoiesis; Erythropoietin (EPO):

glycoprotein hormone by kidneys and liver in response to low [O2]; hypoxia - Stimulates erythroblast and stem cell division rates - Speeds up Hb formation

Leukopoiesis

- differentiation of myeloid cells into leukocytes | - Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs): group of hormones that stimulate leukocyte production

Leukopoiesis; CFS

– Colony-stimulating factors -group of hormones that stimulate leukocyte production

Lymphopoiesis

differentiation of myeloid cells into lymphocytes

Lymphopoiesis; Lymphoid stem cells will also travel to peripheral lymphatic tissue... (3)

- thymus - spleen - lymph nodes

chapter 20 exam 3 Flashcards

(71 cards)