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anatomy exam 3 > Chapter 24 exam 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system

A
  • Gas exchange between the air and the blood
  • Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
  • Protects the respiratory surfaces from dehydration & keeps them moist
  • Produces sound involved in verbal communication
  • Assists in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, & body fluid pH
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2
Q

4 stages of breathing: Pulmonary Ventilation (1)

A

Tide-like movements of air into and out of the lungs

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3
Q

4 stages of breathing: External Respiration (2)

A
  • Gases diffuse from the air in the lungs into the blood through alveoli and capillary beds
  • Blood gains O2 and dumps CO2
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4
Q

4 stages of breathing: Transport of gases (3)

A

Blood circulates throughout the body

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5
Q

4 stages of breathing: Internal respiration

A
  • Gases flow into and out of body tissues and are exchanged with circulatory system
  • Blood gains CO2 and dumps O2
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6
Q

4 stages of breathing

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
    - Tide-like movements of air into and out of the lungs
  2. External respiration
    - Gases diffuse from the air in the lungs into the blood through alveoli and capillary beds
    - Blood gains O2 and dumps CO2
  3. Transport of gases
    - Blood circulates throughout the body
  4. Internal respiration
    - Gases flow into and out of body tissues and are exchanged with circulatory system
    - Blood gains CO2 and dumps O2
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7
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells

A
  • not in pharynx, smaller bronchi, or alveoli

- Cilia move mucous up to pharynx

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8
Q

Stratified squamous cells:

A
  • pharynx

- Nonkeratinized, protects against abrasion

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9
Q

Mucus-producing cells

A
  • nasal cavity, sinuses, lower respiratory tract

- Mucous will trap debris; keep surfaces moist

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10
Q

Simple squamous

A
  • in alveoli

- Produce surfactant; allow for gas diffusion

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11
Q

Respiratory defense system: Vibrissae

A

Hairs in the nose block some of the inhaled debris

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12
Q

Respiratory defense system: Nasal Cavity

A
  • nasal conchae & paranasal sinuses
  • Produces mucus to trap inhaled debris; Sneezing will remove this debris
  • Incurrent air is also warmed and humidified
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13
Q

Respiratory epithelium mucus will trap inhaled debris: Mucocilary escalator

A
  • moves debris upward toward pharynx

- coughing or swallowing will remove this debris

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14
Q

Sinuses function

A
  • produce mucus
  • resonate sound
  • lighten the skull
  • humidifies air
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15
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

move vocal folds/ O+C glottis

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16
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

stabilize the larynx

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17
Q

Vestibular ligaments

A

protect the vocal ligaments

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18
Q

Vocal ligaments

A

involved with making noise

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19
Q

Vocal fold=

A

vocal cord

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20
Q

the “folds” are sheets of ______ tissue that cover their respective ligaments

A

connective

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21
Q

air passing through the glottis vibrates the _____ _______ and creates _____

A

vocal folds; sound

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22
Q

Pitch depends on the ____, _____, and _____ in the vocal folds

A

diameter, length, and tension

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23
Q

amplification of sound occurs in the _____ ______

A

sinus cavities

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24
Q

Production of distinct sound depends on movement of the _____, ____, and _____

A

lips, tongue, and cheeks

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25
Q

Phases of swallowing (3)

A
  1. Buccal phase: tongue forces compacted bolus into oropharynx
  2. Pharyngeal Phase: Laryngeal movement folds epiglottis; pharyngeal muscles push bolus into esophagus
  3. Esophageal phase: bolus moves along esophagus; larynx returns to normal position
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26
Q

Tracheal rings (trachea)

A
  • “c” shaped

- hyaline

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27
Q

Trachealis muscle (trachea)

A

-can constrict the rings; posterior “gap” in rings

28
Q

trachea gas exchange

A

no gas exchange until respiratory bronchioles

29
Q

smooth muscle around terminal bronchioles ________

A

modulates resistance to ventilation

30
Q

Pulmonary circuit in lungs ?? may b

A
  • veins carry O2 rich blood

- arteries carry O2 poor blood

31
Q

Type I of alveolar cells

A

site of gas exchange

32
Q

Type II of alveolar cells

A

produce surfactant

33
Q

Blood air barrier in lungs

A
  • alveolar cells
  • capillary endothelium
  • basement membrane
34
Q

Pressure formula??

A

1/volume

35
Q

Tidal breath

A
  • “normal” inhalation/exhalation
  • where exhalation is not forced
  • tidal volume is variable** based on many parameters (activity, posture)
36
Q

Inhalation is always an _____ process; it requires energy, ATP

A

ACTIVE

37
Q

Forced exhalation requires ____, ATP

A

energy

38
Q

Tidal exhalation is _____ and does not use energy, ATP

A

PASSIVE; no energy

39
Q

when you inhale, volume ___ and pressure ____

A

volume increases, pressure decrease

pV

40
Q

when you exhale, volume ____ and pressure _____

A

volume decreases, pressure increases

Pv

41
Q

Intrapleural Pressue (Pip) keeps lungs ______ (Inflated/deflated)

A

inflated

42
Q

Pariental and visceral pleura aid in ________ of pressure

A

maintenance

43
Q

Ptp=

A

Palv-Pip ???

44
Q

Pcw=

A

Pip-Patm

45
Q

At rest Ptp and Pcw are ____ and ____

A

opposite and equal

46
Q

Surfactant

A

lipoprotein mixture that reduces alveolar surface tension

47
Q

Dead space

A

Areas where air is conducted or shunted to, but does not contribute to gas exchange.

48
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

volume of the trachea and bronchi

49
Q

Alveolar dead space

A

volume of alveoli where no gas enhance takes place

50
Q

Physiological dead space=

A

anatomical+alveolar

51
Q

Tidal volume> physiological dead space

A

GOOD

52
Q

Tidal volume≤ physiological dead space

A

BAD

53
Q

Tidal volume (Vt)

A

“normal” breathing

54
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):

A

forcibly inhaled beyond normal tidal inhalation

55
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):

A

forcibly exhaled beyond normal tidal expiration

56
Q

Residual Volume (RV):

A

around of air in lungs after Vt (tidal volume=normal breathing) and ERV (expiratory reserve volume)

57
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC):

A

total air that can be inhaled

58
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):

A

around of air left after tidal breath

59
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

total amount of exchangeable air

60
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

total lung volume

61
Q

Automatic regulation of tidal breathing; Baroreceptors:

A

arterial stretch receptors

62
Q

Automatic regulation of tidal breathing:

Carotid & Aortic bodies:

A

monitor (O2) (CO2) and pH

63
Q

Automatic regulation of tidal breathing:

A
  • Protective reflexes of the respiratory tract

- Stretch receptors in lungs

64
Q

Respiratory centers

A

3 pairs of nuclei in the pons & medulla oblongata that regulate the respiratory muscles

-The respiratory rhythmicity center sets the ventilator pace and depth

(DRG, VRG, apenustic and pneumotaxic centers)

65
Q

Respiratory centers: Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A

controls diaphragm and external intercostals

66
Q

Respiratory centers: Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A

functions only during forced ventilation (accessory muscles)

67
Q

Respiratory centers: Apneustic & Pneumotaxic ceners…

A

adjust the respiratory pace

anatomy exam 3 (4 decks)

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