- Gas exchange between the air and the blood - Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs - Protects the respiratory surfaces from dehydration & keeps them moist - Produces sound involved in verbal communication - Assists in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, & body fluid pH

- in alveoli - Produce surfactant; allow for gas diffusion

- produce mucus - resonate sound - lighten the skull - humidifies air

Chapter 24 exam 3 Flashcards by Emma Zobal

Respiratory system

Gas exchange between the air and the blood
Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
Protects the respiratory surfaces from dehydration & keeps them moist
Produces sound involved in verbal communication
Assists in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, & body fluid pH

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4 stages of breathing: Pulmonary Ventilation (1)

Tide-like movements of air into and out of the lungs

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4 stages of breathing: External Respiration (2)

Gases diffuse from the air in the lungs into the blood through alveoli and capillary beds
Blood gains O2 and dumps CO2

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4 stages of breathing: Transport of gases (3)

Blood circulates throughout the body

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4 stages of breathing: Internal respiration

Gases flow into and out of body tissues and are exchanged with circulatory system
Blood gains CO2 and dumps O2

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4 stages of breathing

Pulmonary Ventilation
- Tide-like movements of air into and out of the lungs
External respiration
- Gases diffuse from the air in the lungs into the blood through alveoli and capillary beds
- Blood gains O2 and dumps CO2
Transport of gases
- Blood circulates throughout the body
Internal respiration
- Gases flow into and out of body tissues and are exchanged with circulatory system
- Blood gains CO2 and dumps O2

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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells

not in pharynx, smaller bronchi, or alveoli

- Cilia move mucous up to pharynx

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Stratified squamous cells:

pharynx

- Nonkeratinized, protects against abrasion

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Mucus-producing cells

nasal cavity, sinuses, lower respiratory tract

- Mucous will trap debris; keep surfaces moist

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Simple squamous

in alveoli

- Produce surfactant; allow for gas diffusion

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Respiratory defense system: Vibrissae

Hairs in the nose block some of the inhaled debris

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Respiratory defense system: Nasal Cavity

nasal conchae & paranasal sinuses
Produces mucus to trap inhaled debris; Sneezing will remove this debris
Incurrent air is also warmed and humidified

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Respiratory epithelium mucus will trap inhaled debris: Mucocilary escalator

moves debris upward toward pharynx

- coughing or swallowing will remove this debris

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Sinuses function

produce mucus
resonate sound
lighten the skull
humidifies air

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Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

move vocal folds/ O+C glottis

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Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

stabilize the larynx

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Vestibular ligaments

protect the vocal ligaments

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Vocal ligaments

involved with making noise

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Vocal fold=

vocal cord

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the “folds” are sheets of ______ tissue that cover their respective ligaments

connective

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air passing through the glottis vibrates the _____ _______ and creates _____

vocal folds; sound

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Pitch depends on the ____, _____, and _____ in the vocal folds

diameter, length, and tension

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amplification of sound occurs in the _____ ______

sinus cavities

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Production of distinct sound depends on movement of the _____, ____, and _____

lips, tongue, and cheeks

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Phases of swallowing (3)

1. Buccal phase: tongue forces compacted bolus into oropharynx 2. Pharyngeal Phase: Laryngeal movement folds epiglottis; pharyngeal muscles push bolus into esophagus 3. Esophageal phase: bolus moves along esophagus; larynx returns to normal position

Tracheal rings (trachea)

- "c" shaped | - hyaline

Trachealis muscle (trachea)

-can constrict the rings; posterior "gap" in rings

trachea gas exchange

no gas exchange until respiratory bronchioles

smooth muscle around terminal bronchioles ________

modulates resistance to ventilation

Pulmonary circuit in lungs ?? may b

- veins carry O2 rich blood | - arteries carry O2 poor blood

Type I of alveolar cells

site of gas exchange

Type II of alveolar cells

produce surfactant

Blood air barrier in lungs

- alveolar cells - capillary endothelium - basement membrane

Pressure formula??

1/volume

Tidal breath

- "normal" inhalation/exhalation - where exhalation is not forced - tidal volume is variable** based on many parameters (activity, posture)

Inhalation is always an _____ process; it requires energy, ATP

ACTIVE

Forced exhalation requires ____, ATP

energy

Tidal exhalation is _____ and does not use energy, ATP

PASSIVE; no energy

when you inhale, volume ___ and pressure ____

volume increases, pressure decrease | pV

when you exhale, volume ____ and pressure _____

volume decreases, pressure increases | Pv

Intrapleural Pressue (Pip) keeps lungs ______ (Inflated/deflated)

inflated

Pariental and visceral pleura aid in ________ of pressure

maintenance

Ptp=

Palv-Pip ???

Pcw=

Pip-Patm

At rest Ptp and Pcw are ____ and ____

opposite and equal

Surfactant

lipoprotein mixture that reduces alveolar surface tension

Dead space

Areas where air is conducted or shunted to, but does not contribute to gas exchange.

Anatomical dead space

volume of the trachea and bronchi

Alveolar dead space

volume of alveoli where no gas enhance takes place

Physiological dead space=

anatomical+alveolar

Tidal volume> physiological dead space

GOOD

Tidal volume≤ physiological dead space

BAD

Tidal volume (Vt)

"normal" breathing

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):

forcibly inhaled beyond normal tidal inhalation

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):

forcibly exhaled beyond normal tidal expiration

Residual Volume (RV):

around of air in lungs after Vt (tidal volume=normal breathing) and ERV (expiratory reserve volume)

Inspiratory Capacity (IC):

total air that can be inhaled

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):

around of air left after tidal breath

Vital Capacity (VC)

total amount of exchangeable air

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

total lung volume

Automatic regulation of tidal breathing; Baroreceptors:

arterial stretch receptors

Automatic regulation of tidal breathing: | Carotid & Aortic bodies:

monitor (O2) (CO2) and pH

Automatic regulation of tidal breathing:

- Protective reflexes of the respiratory tract | - Stretch receptors in lungs

Respiratory centers

3 pairs of nuclei in the pons & medulla oblongata that regulate the respiratory muscles -The respiratory rhythmicity center sets the ventilator pace and depth (DRG, VRG, apenustic and pneumotaxic centers)

Respiratory centers: Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

controls diaphragm and external intercostals

Respiratory centers: Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

functions only during forced ventilation (accessory muscles)

Respiratory centers: Apneustic & Pneumotaxic ceners...

adjust the respiratory pace

Chapter 24 exam 3 Flashcards

(67 cards)