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anatomy exam 3 > chapter 25 part 1 exam 3 > Flashcards

chapter 25 part 1 exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion

A

Process of breaking down food into simpler forms through mechanical and chemical manipulation in the Gastrointestinal tract (GI), resulting in the absorption of nutrients

-products come in, degraded via chemical digestion, things are absorbed from that

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2
Q

Ingestion

A

entry of material in mouth

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3
Q

mechanical digestion

A

churning, segmentation, & grinding of ingested food

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4
Q

Chemical digestion

A

acid, enzymes, buffers, emulsifying salts secreted to break chemical bonds

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5
Q

Absorption

A

movement of simplified macronutrients, micronutrients, and water into the interstitial fluid of the GI tract

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6
Q

Excretion

A

unabsorbed ingesta, undigested food, metabolic waste, sloughed cells of GI lining, & bacteria

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7
Q

Compaction

A

dehydration & compaction of waste material; feces formation

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8
Q

a lot of enzymes work in very particular pH levels so buffers can drop or raise pH for enzyme so that it can function

A

true?

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9
Q

anything too large for kidney to take out of the blood is transferred into bile which goes into small
intestines to be excreted later

A

true

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10
Q

Nutrients in GI: Proteins

A

individual amino acids and peptides

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11
Q

Nutrients in GI: Fats

A

micelles, spheres of fatty acids and monoglycerides

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12
Q

Nutrients in GI: Sugars; simple sugars (monosaccharides)

A

fructose, glucose

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13
Q

Nutrients in GI: sugars; structural carbohydrates

A

fiber is not absorbed

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14
Q

Nutrients in GI: water

A

diffused through small intestine and large intestine

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15
Q

Nutrients in GI: micronutrients; vitamine

A

C, B12, E, K…

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16
Q

Nutrients in GI: micronutrients; minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, iron…

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17
Q

Nutrients in GI: pH

A

enzymes rely on specific pHs; concentration of H+

  • stomach of pH of 2
  • small intestines pH of 4
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18
Q

Stomach pH of

A

2

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19
Q

small intestine pH of

A

4

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20
Q

Mucosa

A

inner lining of GI tract; mucous membrane

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21
Q

Submucosa

A

exocrine; large lymphatic & vasculature

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22
Q

Muscular layer

A

propels ingesta; form sphicters

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23
Q

Serosa

A

serous membrane

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24
Q

Serous membrane _____ friction as organs are moved against each other

A

reduced

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25
Q

Peristalsis

A
  • longitudinal muscle
  • circular muscle
  • longitudinal muscle moves along and pushes chunk out
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26
Q

Segmentation

A
  • involved with mechanical digestion
  • churn
  • no propulsion
  • only circular
  • breaks it down into smaller sections to increase surface area so chemicals can act upon digestion
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27
Q

oral cavity

A

mechanical processing, moistening, mixing w salivary secretions

28
Q

Pharynx

A

muscular propulsions of materials into the esophagus

29
Q

Esophagus

A

transport of materials to the stomach

30
Q

stomach

A

chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions

31
Q

small intestine

A

enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions

32
Q

large intestine

A

Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimation

33
Q

Accessory organs of the Digestive system: Salivary glands

A

secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrate

34
Q

Accessory organs of the Digestive system: Liver

A

Secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, many other vital function

35
Q

Accessory organs of the Digestive system: Gallbladder

A

storage and concentration of bile

36
Q

Accessory organs of the Digestive system: Pancreas

A

Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones

37
Q

Tongue

A

aids in mechanical digestion, breaking things down and moving things along, aids in swallowing

38
Q

teeth

A

accessory structure

39
Q

Peritoneum

A

serosal membrane

  • visceral
  • parietal
40
Q

Intraperitoneal:

A
  • encased

- stomach liver, ileum

41
Q

Retroperitoneal

A
  • anterior only

- kidneys, uterus

42
Q

secondarily retroperitoneal

A

-pancreas, duodenum

43
Q

Mesenteries

A

double peritoneal membranes w areolar tissue in between

  • support organs
  • vasculature, lymphatic, nervous connections
44
Q

Greater omentum

A

encases all of the intestine

45
Q

Oral Cavity

A
  • sensory analysis of food
  • mechanical digestion
  • chemical digestion
  • lubrication of food
46
Q

Saliva

A

mucin based mixture

  • Lubricates
  • buffers
  • enzymes: beginning of chemical digestion
  • -Salivary amylases: breaks starch and glycogen into maltose
  • -Lingual lipase: breaks down fats
47
Q

Saliva: Enzyme

A

beginning of chemical digestion

48
Q

Saliva: enzyme; Salivary amylases:

A

breaks starch and glycogen into maltose

49
Q

Saliva: enzyme; Lingual Lipase:

A

breaks down fats

50
Q

Deciduous teeth (baby teeth):

A
  • “milk” teeth
  • shed by eruption of permanent teeth
  • children: 20
  • adults: 32
51
Q

Extrinsic tounge muscles

A

general tongue movement

52
Q

Intrinsic tounge muscles

A

movements associated w speech

53
Q

Buccal

A

voluntary (to a point), swallowing can be initiated by bolus reaching oropharynx
-Bolus at hard plate

  • TOUNGE RETRACTS:
  • -Bolus at soft plate
  • -soft palate elevation
  • -Nasopharynx isolation
54
Q

Initiation of swallowing is ______ but after it starts the rest of the steps are involuntary

A

voluntary

55
Q

bolus

A

what will end up in the stomach

56
Q

steps of swallowing?? buccal phase (1)

A

Tongue pushes food bolus up against hard palate then soft palate
Pharynx constricts and closes off soft palate which isolates nasal pharynx, prevents food from going into nasal cavity

57
Q

Pharyngeal:

A

involuntary

  • Larynx elevation (closes epiglottis)
  • pharyngeal muscles squeeze bolus to esophagus
58
Q

steps of swallowing?? pharyngeal phase (2)

A

Larynx elevates, folds down epiglottis, all pharyngeal muscles (throat) will constrict and squeeze bolus down into esophagus

59
Q

Esophageal

A
  • involuntary
  • -opening of upper esophageal sphincter
  • -esophagus
  • -Opening of lower esophageal sphincter
  • -stomach

-Bolus movement down esophagus via peristalsis

60
Q 
steps of swallowing??
Esophageal phase (3)
A

Sphincter opens up, food bolus travels down esophagus towards stomach, another sphincter opens up and allows bolus in, sphincter closes back up and swallowing is done

61
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

opening in diaphragm that esophagus travels through

62
Q

Mesenteries: Lesser Omentum

A

-extends from the liver to the stomach and first segment of the proximal duodenum

63
Q

Mesenteries: Hepatogastric Ligament

A

connects the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

64
Q

Mesenteries: Hepatoduodenal

A

connects the liver to the proximal segment of the duodenum

65
Q

Mesenteries: greater Omentum

A

forms a large pouch that hands like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach

66
Q

Blood supply to the stomach

A
  • left gastric artery
  • left gastro-epiploic artery
  • right gastric artery
  • right gastro-epiploic artery

anatomy exam 3 (4 decks)

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