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anatomy exam 3 > chapter 25 part 1 exam 3 > Flashcards

chapter 25 part 1 exam 3 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Digestion

A

Process of breaking down food into simpler forms through mechanical and chemical manipulation in the Gastrointestinal tract (GI), resulting in the absorption of nutrients

-products come in, degraded via chemical digestion, things are absorbed from that

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2
Q

Ingestion

A

entry of material in mouth

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3
Q

mechanical digestion

A

churning, segmentation, & grinding of ingested food

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4
Q

Chemical digestion

A

acid, enzymes, buffers, emulsifying salts secreted to break chemical bonds

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5
Q

Absorption

A

movement of simplified macronutrients, micronutrients, and water into the interstitial fluid of the GI tract

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6
Q

Excretion

A

unabsorbed ingesta, undigested food, metabolic waste, sloughed cells of GI lining, & bacteria

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7
Q

Compaction

A

dehydration & compaction of waste material; feces formation

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8
Q

a lot of enzymes work in very particular pH levels so buffers can drop or raise pH for enzyme so that it can function

A

true?

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9
Q

anything too large for kidney to take out of the blood is transferred into bile which goes into small
intestines to be excreted later

A

true

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10
Q

Nutrients in GI: Proteins

A

individual amino acids and peptides

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11
Q

Nutrients in GI: Fats

A

micelles, spheres of fatty acids and monoglycerides

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12
Q

Nutrients in GI: Sugars; simple sugars (monosaccharides)

A

fructose, glucose

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13
Q

Nutrients in GI: sugars; structural carbohydrates

A

fiber is not absorbed

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14
Q

Nutrients in GI: water

A

diffused through small intestine and large intestine

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15
Q

Nutrients in GI: micronutrients; vitamine

A

C, B12, E, K…

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16
Q

Nutrients in GI: micronutrients; minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, iron…

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17
Q

Nutrients in GI: pH

A

enzymes rely on specific pHs; concentration of H+

  • stomach of pH of 2
  • small intestines pH of 4
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18
Q

Stomach pH of

A

2

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19
Q

small intestine pH of

A

4

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20
Q

Mucosa

A

inner lining of GI tract; mucous membrane

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21
Q

Submucosa

A

exocrine; large lymphatic & vasculature

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22
Q

Muscular layer

A

propels ingesta; form sphicters

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23
Q

Serosa

A

serous membrane

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24
Q

Serous membrane _____ friction as organs are moved against each other

A

reduced

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25
Peristalsis
- longitudinal muscle - circular muscle - longitudinal muscle moves along and pushes chunk out
26
Segmentation
- involved with mechanical digestion - churn - no propulsion - only circular - breaks it down into smaller sections to increase surface area so chemicals can act upon digestion
27
oral cavity
mechanical processing, moistening, mixing w salivary secretions
28
Pharynx
muscular propulsions of materials into the esophagus
29
Esophagus
transport of materials to the stomach
30
stomach
chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions
31
small intestine
enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions
32
large intestine
Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimation
33
Accessory organs of the Digestive system: Salivary glands
secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrate
34
Accessory organs of the Digestive system: Liver
Secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, many other vital function
35
Accessory organs of the Digestive system: Gallbladder
storage and concentration of bile
36
Accessory organs of the Digestive system: Pancreas
Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones
37
Tongue
aids in mechanical digestion, breaking things down and moving things along, aids in swallowing
38
teeth
accessory structure
39
Peritoneum
serosal membrane - visceral - parietal
40
Intraperitoneal:
- encased | - stomach liver, ileum
41
Retroperitoneal
- anterior only | - kidneys, uterus
42
secondarily retroperitoneal
-pancreas, duodenum
43
Mesenteries
double peritoneal membranes w areolar tissue in between - support organs - vasculature, lymphatic, nervous connections
44
Greater omentum
encases all of the intestine
45
Oral Cavity
- sensory analysis of food - mechanical digestion - chemical digestion - lubrication of food
46
Saliva
mucin based mixture - Lubricates - buffers - enzymes: beginning of chemical digestion - -Salivary amylases: breaks starch and glycogen into maltose - -Lingual lipase: breaks down fats
47
Saliva: Enzyme
beginning of chemical digestion
48
Saliva: enzyme; Salivary amylases:
breaks starch and glycogen into maltose
49
Saliva: enzyme; Lingual Lipase:
breaks down fats
50
Deciduous teeth (baby teeth):
- "milk" teeth - shed by eruption of permanent teeth - children: 20 - adults: 32
51
Extrinsic tounge muscles
general tongue movement
52
Intrinsic tounge muscles
movements associated w speech
53
Buccal
voluntary (to a point), swallowing can be initiated by bolus reaching oropharynx -Bolus at hard plate - TOUNGE RETRACTS: - -Bolus at soft plate - -soft palate elevation - -Nasopharynx isolation
54
Initiation of swallowing is ______ but after it starts the rest of the steps are involuntary
voluntary
55
bolus
what will end up in the stomach
56
steps of swallowing?? buccal phase (1)
Tongue pushes food bolus up against hard palate then soft palate Pharynx constricts and closes off soft palate which isolates nasal pharynx, prevents food from going into nasal cavity
57
Pharyngeal:
involuntary - Larynx elevation (closes epiglottis) - pharyngeal muscles squeeze bolus to esophagus
58
steps of swallowing?? pharyngeal phase (2)
Larynx elevates, folds down epiglottis, all pharyngeal muscles (throat) will constrict and squeeze bolus down into esophagus
59
Esophageal
- involuntary - -opening of upper esophageal sphincter - -esophagus - -Opening of lower esophageal sphincter - -stomach -Bolus movement down esophagus via peristalsis
60
``` steps of swallowing?? Esophageal phase (3) ```
Sphincter opens up, food bolus travels down esophagus towards stomach, another sphincter opens up and allows bolus in, sphincter closes back up and swallowing is done
61
Esophageal hiatus
opening in diaphragm that esophagus travels through
62
Mesenteries: Lesser Omentum
-extends from the liver to the stomach and first segment of the proximal duodenum
63
Mesenteries: Hepatogastric Ligament
connects the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach
64
Mesenteries: Hepatoduodenal
connects the liver to the proximal segment of the duodenum
65
Mesenteries: greater Omentum
forms a large pouch that hands like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach
66
Blood supply to the stomach
- left gastric artery - left gastro-epiploic artery - right gastric artery - right gastro-epiploic artery

anatomy exam 3 (4 decks)

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